Cash support vs. tax incentives: The differential impact of policy interventions on third births in contemporary Hungary

Following steep falls in birth rates in Central and Eastern European countries during the economic and institutional restructuring of the early 1990s, governments made substantial efforts to stop or at least reduce the fertility decline. In Hungary, parents with three or more children could benefit from specific new policy measures: the flat-rate child-rearing support paid from the youngest child's third to eighth birthdays (signalling recognition of stay-at-home motherhood) and a redesigned and upgraded tax relief system. However, the success of these policy measures, if any, is difficult to detect in aggregate statistics. Analysing data from the Hungarian Generations and Gender Survey, we rely on event history methods to examine the policies’ effects on third birth risks, especially among different socio-economic groups. The results indicate that while the child-rearing support increased third birth risks among the least educated, the generous tax relief had a similar effect for parents with tertiary education.     

历代达尔罕亲王与清代公主及宗室女姻亲述论

"满蒙联姻"政策是清代的国策,尤其以科尔沁部的达尔罕亲王与清公主姻亲次数最多、比例最大。通过统计科尔沁部历代达尔罕亲王与清公主及宗室女姻亲状况,以此为范例说明这一政策在清朝的实施情况及这种姻亲的政治属性,并分析这一政策对清政府、蒙古王公、公主各方的利益得失。     

论党的三代领导核心科技思想的继承与发展关系

自20世纪20年代以来,尤其是建国50多年来,我们党的三代领导核心在领导我国社会主义现代化建设的伟大实践中,形成了各具特色的科技思想,丰富和发展了马克思主义的科技理论。本文通过系统、全面地对比他们的科技思想,旨在总结出三代领导人之科技思想的继承与发展关系。