Components of change in the number of female family heads ages 15 to 44, an update and reanalysis: United States, 1940 to 1983

We review the literature dealing with the various components of change in the number of female family heads and conclude that P. Cutright's (1974, Journal of Marriage and the Family 36, 714–721) four components of change in the number of ever-married female family heads can be usefully applied to a reanalysis of decade-by-decade changes in this quantity among white and nonwhite women ages 15–44, from 1940 through 1980. However, we substantially revise and update Cutright's (1974) original data. Our findings include the fact that while the relative importance of the various components of increases in ever-married female family headship vary from decade to decade, overall trends are fairly similar for white and nonwhite women. Moreover, the rapid rise between 1970 and 1980 in the number of white and nonwhite female family heads among the never-married (single) continued through the 1980 to 1983 period. A decade ago, Cutright (1974) predicted that a change in the number of female family heads from 1970 on would reflect little more than changes in the numbers of ever- and never-married women ages 15–44. We discuss this inaccurate prediction and conclude that wishful thinking is a poor guide in forecasting the future.     

A multivariate analysis of response structure: Race attitudes, 1972–1977

A particular kind of latent class model is used to characterize the unobservable variable measured by six discrete indicators of racial stance in 1972 and 1977. Methods recently introduced by Clogg and Goodman, 1982, Clogg and Goodman, 1983) for the simultaneous latent structure analysis of two multidimensional contingency tables are employed in across-year homogeneity tests on the latent class proportions. Trends in multivariate response patterns over the 5-year interval are then examined by cross-classifying the predicted latent variable with selected demographic characteristics of respondents in each year. The results indicate that (1) no significant changes in the distribution of the latent variable occurred over the 5-year time period, and (2) the status of certain demographic variables as predictors of racial stance fluctuated between the two survey years.     

Dual-language characteristics and earnings: Male Mexican workers in the United States

This paper examines income differentials between native-born white males of non-Hispanic origins and Mexican American males of varying linguistic statuses. The analysis relies on conventional modeling techniques of the earnings process and the selected use of mother tongue, English fluency, and primary language usage to categorize the Mexican American population. The findings differ among the derived groups. Among Mexican immigrants, there does not appear to be any direct economic reward for speaking English. For the U.S.-born Chicanos, there is only a small economic advantage associated with being reared as an English monolingual, and there appears to be a clear disadvantage directly associated with being a Spanish-dominant bilingual.     

“自得”与人生境界的审美超越——王阳明的人生境界论

在阳明心学 ,境界即本心良知在现实人生中的呈现。良知在不同的境域、不同的层次中呈现为不同的境界 ,即诚境、仁境、乐境 ,诚为意义世界的实诚存在 ,体现为真的境界 ;仁为道德世界的是非明觉 ,体现为善的境界 ;乐为审美世界的超越自得 ,体现为美的境界。三者亦即“有我之境”、“无我之境”、“超越之境”。诚境为基础 ,仁境为核心 ,乐境是理想 ,意义境界、道德境界的最高体验是无人而不自得的乐境 ,其向审美境界的转化就在于本心良知的超越自得体验     

恢复文学史的原生态

提出“民间”理论和倡导对“潜在写作”的研究,并非要建构一种新的“主流/非主流”的二元对立,而恰恰是要摆脱建立于权力基础上并导致了对文学史全面遮蔽的二元对立式的历史叙述模式,使文学史在文学的基础上建立一种平等的多元的平台,从而恢复文学史的原生态。     

郭店楚简《老子》古今字、同源字研究

楚简《老子》所用文字属战国楚系文字,其中使用了大量的通假字、异体字、古今字和同源字,给我 们阅读带来诸多不便。因此有必要进行整理扣比较研究。     

战国时期秦国封君考论

封君制是战国时期列国普遍推行的一种政治制度 ,秦国的封君制是其中比较典型者 ,它上承西周、春秋时代的卿大夫食禄制 ,下启汉代的封君食邑制度。同时 ,与其他六国相比 ,秦国的封君制度融入了军功爵制的内容 ,即秦不仅仅分封子弟 ,更重要的是秦以封君作为对立有重大军功的大臣的最高爵位奖赏。正因如此 ,秦国的封君在秦国逐步蚕食东方六国直至统一的进程中均起了不可替代的作用。故本文对秦国的封君进行逐一考证 ,以明其源流及对秦国政治的影响     

Input-output technologies and the effects of tariff reductions

Using input-output (IO) tables from several developed countries (United States, EEC, and Japan) and one developing country (Brazil), we calculate the effects of tariff removal using various combinations of these tables to represent technologies for the countries included in the Michigan Computational Model of World Production and Trade. Among the IO tables, Brazil's reflected unusually high shares of value added, low labor shares, and small supply elasticities. Supply elasticities for the developed countries were somewhat lower than for the United States. Using the Michigan model, our calculated effects of tariff reductions are overstated using the U.S. IO table to represent technologies for other developed countries. Further, for developing countries that use import licensing, the model shows considerable sensitivity to IO table specification. It is especially important, therefore, for computational purposes to obtain the most accurate information possible about IO structures of developing countries.     

From oil shortage to oil glut: Simulation of growth prospects in the Nigerian economy

During the 1970s, the economy of Nigeria provided one of the most interesting cases of development financed through oil revenue. Between 1970 and 1980, the country's GNP grew at an outstanding rate—after the transition from oil shortage to oil glut, the economy of Nigeria ran into dramatic financial difficulties, which are now placing major constraints to its development. To investigate the transition from an oil-based economy to a stage characterized by greater diversification of exports and more balanced sectoral growth, a model has been built by the University of Ibadan in Nigeria. The model was developed in association with Project LINK staffing for the future inclusion in the Project. According to the finding presented in the study, the annual growth rate of GDP of Nigeria between 1980 and 1988 will be around 2.5 percent. To compensate the drop of the foreign exchange earnings caused by the contraction of oil prices and demand, a vigorous export drive of agricultural products is simulated.     

Aspects of a new world development strategy II: Factors affecting the long-term prospects of developing nations

This paper explores some quantitative dimensions of the interdependence of rich and poor regions in the context of the United Nations World Model. It extends the original work on that model in three ways: (1) by updating some of the key parameters and exogenous variables in the light of recent data; (2) by developing a “control” solution to be used as a point of reference in policy simulations; and (3) by exploring the sensitivities of each of two groups of regions— developed and developing—to changes in one another's growth rates. Goals of closing the income gap between developed and developing regions and of increasing income levels in the latter are discussed.