医疗保险对农村居民家庭消费的影响分析--基于不同收入层级的跨地区比较

利用2009、2010农村固定观察点数据,分析了医疗保险对不同地区、不同收入层级的农村居民家庭医疗消费支出和非医疗消费支出的影响。实证结果表明：医疗保险对农村居民家庭的医疗类消费不存在显著影响,对非医疗类消费支出则存在显著的正向促进作用。分地区来看,医疗保险对东西部地区农村居民家庭医疗类消费的影响差异显著,对东中部地区农村居民家庭非医疗类消费支出的影响同样差异显著;分收入层级来看,医疗保险对家庭医疗类消费的影响在不同收入层级的农村居民家庭之间不存在显著差异,但对非医疗类消费支出的影响在不同收入层级之间差异显著。此外,商业医疗保险作为医疗保险体系的重要组成部分,对促进农村消费起到带动作用。最后,本文从加大政府补贴和完善保障机制两个方面提出政策建议以期有效降低农村居民家庭超常的预防性储蓄,促进农村居民家庭消费。     

A cross-cultural study on surrogate mother's empathy and maternal–foetal attachment

BackgroundTraditional and gestational surrogate mothers assist infertile couples by carrying their children. In 2005, a meta-analysis on surrogacy was conducted but no study had examined empathy and maternal–foetal attachment of surrogate mothers. Assessments of surrogate mothers show no sign of psychopathology, but one study showed differences on several MMPI-2 scales compared to a normative sample: surrogate mothers identified with stereotypically masculine traits such as assertiveness and competition. They had a higher self-esteem and lower levels of anxiety and depression.Research objectiveTo determine if there is a difference in empathy and maternal–foetal attachment of surrogate mothers compared to a comparison group of mothers.MethodsThree groups of European traditional and gestational surrogate mothers (n = 10), Anglo-Saxon traditional and gestational surrogate mothers (n = 34) and a European normative sample of mothers (n = 32) completed four published psychometric instruments: the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (empathy index), the Hospital Anxiety and Depressions Scale and the MC20, a social desirability scale. Pregnant surrogate mothers filled the Maternal Antenatal Attachment Scale (n = 11). Statistical non-parametric analyses of variance were conducted.FindingsDepending on cultural background, surrogate mothers present differences in terms of empathy, anxiety and depression, social desirability and quality of attachment to the foetus compared to a normative sample.ConclusionsEnvironment plays a role for traditional and gestational surrogacy. Surrogate mothers of both groups are less anxious and depressed than normative samples. Maternal–foetal attachment is strong with a slightly lower quality of attachment. Surrogate mother's empathy indexes are similar to normative samples, sometimes higher.     

基于Babel英汉平行语料库的英汉介词对比分析

介词是英汉两种语言中较为特殊的一类词,在实际使用中都非常活跃。通过对英汉介词的简要阐述,在以前的研究基础上,尝试基于Babel英汉平行语料库,对其中出现频率最高的前十个英语介词和汉语介词的使用频率,兼类情况及其对应关系做以对比分析,以期对英译汉中的介词翻译能有所启示。另外,介词在英译汉时可以采取直译、增译、省译和转译四种方法。     

Examining educational inequalities in two national systems: a comparison of the North African second generation in France and the Mexican second generation in the United States

This paper aims to compare the educational outcomes of children of immigrants in France and in the United States to highlight the ethnic educational inequalities in both countries. The comparison focuses on children from two groups: North Africans in France and Mexicans in the United States. By using two longitudinal datasets, the French Educational Panel Survey and Add Health, we examine aspirations, expectations, and secondary attainment in the two contexts. We explore in particular the role of parental education on attainment. Immigrant families have high educational aspirations in both contexts. North-African families express higher aspirations than native French with similar background, while there are no significant differences between second-generation Mexicans and the majority group net of parental education. Second-generation children are disadvantaged in school in both countries; they are more likely to drop out and less likely to graduate from high school, but most of the disadvantage is related to their social background. Net of social background, the Mexican second generation does not differ from the majority group while the North African second generation is more likely to get the French high school diploma than their peers of French origins, in line with their high aspirations. However, North Africans are more likely to receive the technological baccalauréat than the general baccalauréat.     

Compare Chinese with Americans: how trait comparisons shape public perception of Sino–US relationship and China policy issues

This study draws on social comparison theory and the spread activation literature to explore the effects of opinions about the personal traits of Chinese and Americans on the United States (US) public’s perceptions of the Sino–US relationship. The study also explores how perceptions of the Sino–US relationship predict the perceived importance of various Chinese policy issues. The analyses of the secondary survey data showed that comparisons of positive and negative traits had different effects on public opinion about the Sino–US relationship. The respondents who viewed China as a partner or as a competitor also thought that human rights, the freedom of Tibet, and economic issues were important. Those who viewed China as an enemy believed that the selling of arms to Taiwan was important. The implications of the findings for theory construction and national image campaigns are discussed.     

马克思与马尔库塞异化理论的比较

马克思与马尔库塞的异化理论针对资本主义社会两个不同发展时期所面临的社会问题提出.通过人的异化、技术异化和社会异化三个角度的分析,马克思得出劳动异化是人的异化的本质体现,技术异化主要表现在人的机器化和资本取得统治地位,社会异化具体表现为人与自然、人与人以及人自身的不和谐;而马尔库塞认为消费异化是人的异化的表现形式,技术异化虽然有了新变化,但其本质没有变,社会异化则体现在对经济、政治和文化的控制上.对马克思和马尔库塞异化理论进行比较,可以使我们全方位多角度地审视当代资本主义社会中的异化问题,并为思考探索解决我国社会发展过程中出现的异化问题提供理论借鉴.     

Producing public goods in networks: Some effects of social comparison and endogenous network change

As actors participate in the production of public goods, processes of social comparison may affect the decisions about the individual contributions as well as the endogenously changing structure of an underlying social network. This leads to the transformation of an ordinary n-player Prisoner's Dilemma of collective action into an n-player coordination game. The paper uses agent-based simulations to trace the formation of public goods while varying network characteristics, such as density, segregation, or the strength of relationships. Additionally, the usage of both a forward- and a backward-looking agent model shows possible implications of different assumptions about the actors’ decision making.     

英汉谚语的文化差异及其交际策略

语言是人们进行交流的工具,亦是记载文化的符号系统,语言和文化相互影响又相互制约。谚语作为语言的一种特殊形式,亦承载着传递文化的作用。英语谚语和汉语谚语作为两种不同语言的瑰宝,亦表现出不同文化间的差异。对于英汉谚语的文化差异应当精准的翻译和应用,加强彼此文化的理解。     

牟宗三、唐君毅之荀子研究比较

现代新儒家重镇牟宗三与唐君毅同宗"心性"儒学以研究荀子。他们在肯认荀子思想的儒家立场、梳理荀子"天生人成"的思想建构理路及论述荀子思想的客观性特点方面有相同之处,亦在解读荀子"天生人成"理路的具体涵义、阐释荀子的"心性"概念以及评价荀子思想方面有不小差异。造成这种差异的原因在于他们不同的解读立场与不同的解读切入点。     

经济责任审计与绩效审计比较研究

经济责任审计和绩效审计是既有联系又有区别的概念,绩效审计侧重对某一项目或系统的经济性、效率性、效果性进行检查和评价,而经济责任审计重在检查和评价领导干部任期内经济决策的合规性和效益性,重在评价领导干部的经济责任。两种审计各有侧重,互为补充,双管齐下,可更好推动政府审计自身的发展。