Getting the offer: Sex discrimination in hiring

The hiring process is currently the least understood aspect of the employment relationship. It may be the most important for understanding the broad processes of stratification with allocation of demographic groups to jobs and firms. The lack of knowledge is due to difficulty of assembling data on the processes that occur at the point of hire. Against this background we analyze data on all applicants to positions in one of the largest Scandinavian banks in 1997–1998, providing what we believe to be the first study using applicant pool data and information about extended offers in a private-sector European firm, adding to the record of about half a dozen such U.S. studies. The hiring agents in the organization are fully conscious and concerned about the nonconscious biases and gender schemas they carry when making hiring decisions. Their effects on hiring are considered to be beyond dispute: women are at a clear disadvantage. For actual hiring practices we found that the opposite is true: women are not at a disadvantage and may even be at an advantage in getting offers. Two organizational practices may lead to female advantage. The hiring agents had been educated about the role of nonconscious biases, which perhaps mitigated their effects. But they had also been instructed to search actively for qualified females in the applicant pool. With no qualified females in the first pass, they go through the pool a second and third time hoping to find one. We discuss reasons why the interpretations and meanings the hiring agents attribute to the hiring process are at odds with what actually occurs.     

论民间文学艺术作品的权利主体

民间文学艺术作品的权利主体是多层次的.依据创造性的劳动应获得相应的版权权利和权利义务对等的原则,其版权首先应该归属于创作民间文学艺术作品的群体,其他主体应享有相应的版权或其他权利.有关群体的集体版权可以通过群体的代表或民间组织来实现,国家在特殊情况下成为民间文学艺术作品的权利主体.     

行为金融学理论述评

20世纪80年代以来,大量的金融研究与市场异象对传统资本市场理论提出了挑战。行为金融理论在整合多学科研究成果,特别是心理学研究的基础上,从投资者的实际决策行为出发,分析与解释金融市场。通过文献研究,文章回顾了有关行为金融学的基本理论与研究,包括前景理论及其他相关理论的发展。此外,对国内有关行为金融学研究特点进行总结分析,并对其今后研究发展提出了设想。     

通用性指标偏好及其实验研究——平衡计分卡在多部门企业中的应用

文章分析了通用性指标偏好产生的原因、影响和解决途径,并通过实验研究,考察了中国实验者在平衡计分卡应用中是否也存在通用性指标偏好,以及集体决策方式对通用性偏好程度的影响。决策者组成的多元化,是集体决策发挥作用的重要因素,这一结论对于部门平衡计分卡在现实中的应用和企业绩效评价实践具有启示作用。     

试论尔朱氏集团的兴亡

在北魏迁都洛阳之后,代北地区的尔朱氏部族迅速发展。到孝明帝时期,代北爆发起义,尔朱荣以其训练有素的部民为核心组建了强大的军队。这支军队是北魏末年,唯一一支纪律严明,训练有素,指挥有力的军队。尔朱荣凭借其军队迅速控制了北魏朝廷,平息了反抗势力。但是,尔朱荣没有意识到洛阳官僚、汉豪族的敌意。而且,在尔朱氏集团内部形成了以贺拔岳为核心的武川集团和以高欢为核心的晋州集团。在尔朱荣被洛阳官僚刺杀后,尔朱氏家族发生内讧,被高欢一一消灭。     

文化整合模式在企业文化整合过程中的应用

企业在文化整合过程中因价值理念和管理风格等文化上的差异引发的激烈冲突导致的企业整合失败屡见不鲜。应用何种文化整合模式解决文化冲突,促进文化融合成为文化整合过程中的难点。本文以华菱集团为例通过分析华菱集团文化整合各个不同阶段所采用的文化整合模式来探索一条企业集团并购重组后文化整合的基本途径。     

计算机集成制造与成组技术

成组技术(GT)和计算机集成制造(CIM)是两种改变传统的机械制违中多品种、小批量制造企业落后面貌的先进技术和方法。本文探讨了这两种技术之间的关系,着重说明以下问题:GT通过对系统的简化而成为CIM的基础;以CIM思想为指导开发GT系统,不仅可取得较好的近期效益,而且随着企业计算机应用水平的提高,可在GT系统的基础上建立起CIM系统。本文最后对一个实际工厂目前正在实施的GT系统和正在规划的CIM系统的关系作了探讨。     

Small-sample results for maximum-likelihood estimation in branching processes

In this article, small sample properties of the maximum-likelihood estimator (m.l.e.) for the offspring distribution (pk) and its mean m are considered in the context of the simple branching process. A representation theorem is given for the m.l.e. of (Pk) from which the m.l.e. of m is obtained. The case where p0 + p1 + p2 = 1 is studied in detail: numerical results are given for the exact bias of these estimators as a function of the age of the process; a curve fitting analysis expresses the bias of m? as a function of the mean and the variance of the offspring distribution and finally an “approximate m.l.e.” for (pk) is given.     

Assessing the Reliability and Validity of the Jump$tart Survey of Financial Literacy

Financial education represents an area of popular interest, owing largely to the Jump$tart surveys of financial literacy. However, while the surveys represent indicators of financial knowledge among high school seniors, these measures have not been statistically validated. This article describes an assessment of the surveys reliability (internal consistency), and validity. It reports a moderately high degree of consistency overall, however, discloses low to moderate internal consistencies among subscales. It also finds significant response differences to one quarter of comparable items between surveys. The researcher observes challenges to affirming the surveys validity and offers statistics suggesting social bias among survey items. He calls for further research into measures of financial literacy.The author appreciates the guidance and support of Dr. Duane Giannangelo, Dr. Jean Steiz, Dr. Lou Franceschini, and Dr. Steven Ross.     

LOGISTIC REGRESSION COMPARED TO NORMAL DISCRIMINATION FOR NON-NORMAL POPULATIONS'

An investigation is undertaken of the logistic regression procedure for estimating the posterior probability of an object belonging to one of two populations. The asymptotic bias and mean square error associated with the procedure are derived for univariate populations whose distributions satisfy the general Day-Kerridge model for which the logistic form is valid for the posterior probability. These properties are compared with those of the normal discrimination method based on the classical assumption of normal populations with common variances. The asymptotic relative efficiency of logistic regression is considered on the basis of asymptotic mean square error.