我国妇女围产期保健服务利用的影响因素

根据国家人口与计划生育委员会2001年全国计划生育/生殖健康调查资料,对我国城市、农村妇女围产期保健的现状进行比较研究.结果显示:城市妇女的围产期保健服务利用的总体水平高于农村;围产期保健利用的影响因素主要有妇女年龄、民族、文化程度、亲生子女数等;五期教育等宣传品的影响没有显著差别.     

Stability in Center Day Care: Relations with Children's Well‐being and Problem Behavior in Day Care1

Mothers and primary professional caregivers of 186 children, aged 6–30 months, participated in this study in which a new measure for daily stability in center day care was developed, describing staffing, grouping, and program features. Relative contributions of infants’ daily experiences of care stability, quality of care, and mother's daily stress to the child's adjustment to day care were analyzed with hierarchical regressions. The child's adjustment was assessed with the Child Behavior Checklist ( Achenbach, 1997 ) and with the Leiden Inventory for the Child's Well‐being in Day Care. Children enrolled in fewer care arrangements showed less internalizing behavior and more well‐being in the day care setting. Children had higher well‐being scores when trusted caregivers were more available. Mother's family management stress was related to more internalizing problem behavior. Interactions between mother's daily stress and stability in care were found to affect the child's adjustment to day care.     

农村互助养老的历史演进、实践模式与发展走向

农村互助养老作为一种极具本土化色彩和社区重建思想的新型就地养老方式,对于推进农村社区建设和文化建设具有重要意义。从纵向时间维度对唐朝的农社、宋代的义庄、清朝的太监庙和姑婆屋、“大跃进”时期的福利生产养老组织等互助养老雏形进行了梳理,并从横向空间维度对当代涌现的政府主导、民间支持和精英带动3种互助养老类型及适应性问题进行了分析。在此基础上,从立足互助传统、整合社区资源、拓展互助范围、创新互助形式4个层面,提出了促进互助养老从“民间互助”向“规范互助”、从“一元互助”向“多元互助”、从“老老互助”向“代际互助”、从“志愿互助”向“储蓄互助”转变的发展思路。     

人口 “空心化”与农村养老服务多元供给困境研究

人口“空心化”问题已成为我国农村养老服务多元供给的最大约束条件,全方位影响农村居民生活、工作方式、社区文化和经济。城乡空间居住距离动摇家庭代际互助基础,即使“隔代照顾式”随迁和“女儿养老”的家庭功能自适应调整亦难以扭转变局。政府同时扮演规定性角色和开放性角色,后者容易陷入“主导”幻觉和制度创新“盲点”。基层治理组织受人口流失影响,其管理能力与村民所期待的养老服务角色间存在差异。志愿部门出现“非典型性失灵”,发展动力不足。政府成为其参与农村养老服务最大的推动者,但因得不到所嵌入制度环境以及社区网络的支持而出现效用递减。因此,突破农村养老服务多元供给困境需要政府由“主导”角色转向合作“平台”角色,通过知识转移机制、合作纠偏机制和非货币奖惩机制构建社会合作网络。     

重庆市“社区养老”标准化建设与绩效评估的文献综述

本文在关于"社区养老"文献的梳理和分析基础上,对"社区养老"的基本概念进行总结和归纳,着重分析目前重庆市"社区养老"存在的问题与原因,并总结发达国家"社区养老"体系建设的启示,为重庆市"社区养老"服务发展和完善提供参考.     

Cracks in the Seams: Durability of Child Care in JOBS Welfare-to-Work Programs

The success of recent welfare reforms will depend, in part, on the ability of local welfare programs to meet the child care needs of low-income parents. A key challenge is the integration of targeted child care subsidies into a seamless system for parents who are making transitions between welfare, training, and employment. This article uses data from a one-year panel study to describe program activities and child care use and transitions for participants in a welfare-to-work program. The results suggest that welfare clients were receiving significant child care assistance but services remained fragmented and poorly integrated. Adult clients engaged in multiple, often short-term job preparation and employment activities, and transitions between activities frequently resulted in disruptions in child care arrangements and loss of child care subsidies. Implications for welfare and child care policy are discussed.     

Re-Figuring Marked Bodies on the Borders: Breast Cancer and “Femininity”

The author discusses writings by Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick, Kathleen Martindale, Audre Lorde, and Barbara Rosenblum on their experiences with breast cancer, and explores their articulations of the impact mastectomy has had on their sense of femininity in relation to their own identities and body images, and in relation to cultural expectations, and how others perceive them. Their identification of the body as socially produced, and as a site of contestation and multiple struggles, offers a strategic site from which to engage with the violent gender-inflected notion of the ideal female body. Themes addressed include: the process of writing embodied experience to make it real, the body's role in the process of identity formation, the culturally constructed significance of appearance to the individual's sense of femininity, the value of the female body in a capitalistic society, and heterosexism in society and in the health care system.     

Employee counseling services evaluation system: design, issues and conclusions

Employee Counseling Services (ECS) programs have emerged as an effective method for dealing with employees whose job performance has deteriorated due to personal problems such as alcoholism or drug abuse. It is estimated that 18% of any work force is effected by such problems at any given time and that these employees cost industry billions of dollars annually in lost productivity, abuse of sick leave, etc. One of the critical concerns of this emerging field is the need for comprehensive evaluation that can demonstrate the cost-effectiveness and cost-benefits of ECS programs. This paper will describe the model Federal ECS developed at the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services as well as the components of the evaluation system designed to determine its effectiveness. The system is the first of its kind and will be a valuable contribution to the field. The paper then raises issues and develops conclusions about designing such an evaluation within the context of a large bureaucracy.     

‘Our young people are worse’: family backgrounds,educational progression and placement options in public care systems

Introducing continental European approaches to UK child welfare practice raises a problem of comparison: to what extent are the problems and issues similar to or different from one country compared to another. Social pedagogues trained in continental Europe and working in English residential care services often encountered the phrase ‘our young people are worse’ from their English colleagues, with the implication that the social pedagogic approach was not suitable for the client group. This paper examines two propositions: (1) that in the context of introducing the continental European approach of social pedagogy into children's residential care services in England, young people are ‘different’ in England compared to other European countries and (2) that the placement options and practices for young people living away from their birth parents in continental European countries differ from those in England. Using data from a five nation study of young people from public care backgrounds, the paper argues that while family backgrounds are remarkably similar there are marked differences in the child welfare systems that might account for the perception that young people in care are ‘worse’ in England.     

A Successful Debrief Program for House Staff

Challenging end-of-life encounters can be stressful and may lead to burnout. Monthly debriefing sessions are led by a physician and clinical social worker (LCSW). Sessions focus on experiences and emotional reactions rather than case details. Themes identified included; feeling unsupported after difficult deaths, identifying with patients emotionally, and conceptualizing a “good” versus “bad” death. Debriefing provides opportunities for residency physicians to reflect on the affective side of their work and helps promote resiliency.