Attitudes Towards Saving in Polish Society During Transformation

Since 1999 the complex reform of the old-age pension system was introduced in Poland and the process of changes is still ongoing. The multi-pillar system replaced the pay-as-you-go system. Voluntary third pillar will guarantee higher pensions for those that decide to save more. However, the systemic changes were placed in the new market economy just being implemented in Poland. New economic reality involves serial of processes influencing management of the current budget. On one hand the principles of market economy impose rigorous environment for management of the disposal income while on the other the dynamically developing market of goods, services and modern banking systems create pressure to spend. The evolution of pension system naturally poses questions concerning how the savings and saving behaviour are perceived in the Polish society during economic transformation. The results of survey conducted in the end of 2004 show that the precaution and life cycle motives of saving are observable in the Polish society but restrain seems to be marginal. In addition, attitudes towards saving are varied by some demographic and socio-economic features. These findings confirm statements referring to relation between the growth in material and social standards and acceptance of consumption style of life [i.e. Katona: 1975, Psychological Economics (Elsevier, New York); Lunt and Livingston: 1992, Mass Consumption and Personal Identity (Open University Press, Buckingham)]. Poles with higher social-economic position are rejecting self-restraint shifting towards consumerism. Nevertheless, common opinion of the respondents advocated savings is in contrary with declared avoiding restraint what is in line with other authors describing attitudes towards saving in conflict [Webley and Nyhus: 2001, Everyday representation of the Economy (WUV Universitätsverlag, Wien)].     

论宗教文化对古代东方文学的影响——东方文学比较研究之一

由于历史和地域的原因,东方一些国家的人民笃信宗教,具有浓厚的宗教感情,因而这些国家的文学受宗教文化影响较深,主要表现为原始宗教、印度宗教、犹太教和伊斯兰教等对文学的影响,这是古代东方文学的一大特点。这种影响有一个演化过程,我们应用历史发展的眼光来看待这种宗教文化对东方文学的影响。     

政治制度文明的涵义、功能及其发展进程分析

政治制度文明是政治文明的核心。世界政治制度文明的历史发展相继呈现出自然生长与理性选择的阶段。政治制度文明发展的动力不仅来自政治领域外的经济与社会发展的需要,也来自政治领域内的政治发展的自身需求。政治制度文明的发展能够使政治制度的功能得以充分实现,能够促进和保障政治体系的合法性,能够推动政治文明的全面发展。     

支持可持续发展的精神动力论

推动社会全面、持续向前发展的动力系统可从宏观上简单概括为物质动力系统,精神动力系统,体制动力系统等.一个人总是要有一点精神的,一个国家要发展,一个民族要进步,同样离不开牢固的精神支柱和强大的精神动力.如果把发展生产力看作社会主义发展的物质动力,把改革看作社会主义发展的体制动力,那么,精神文明建设就是社会主义可持续发展的精神动力.     

浅论寓于主体性教育中的活动教育

活动教育寓于主体性教育之中,是主体性教育的一种有效手段或延伸。因为活动教育有结构双向,形式活泼、内容综合、效果多种等优点,可以引发情感共鸣、真理认同、环境熏陶的心理接受机制,能充分调动自我、成就、交往、愉悦、兴趣、协作意识等主体参与动机。     

近五年来关于社会发展动力问题研究综述

社会发展动力问题是社会发展理论的重要组成部分,全面回顾和评述近五年来关于社会发展动力问题的研究概况和主要理论观点,对于进一步深化这些理论问题的研究,增强现实指导性具有重要意义。     

先进文化的历史总体文化动力性与中国文学发展

先进文化作为优秀文化的代表,是历史发展总的文化动力,成就巨大的中国文学是中国先进文化的组成部分,二者是相互影响、互为发展的关系。不仅中国文学对先进文化的形成有促进作用,先进文化对中国文学的繁荣也有首要之功。先进文化在培育创作主体、变革文学本体、促进文学样式发展等诸方面推动了中国文学的进步。     

西方知识论中的知识动力观演变

基础主义的镜式认知方式认为知识增长动力源于逻辑方法的采用。语言学转向后,知识增长动力侧重于主体间性问题研究。到后现代哲学时期,知识增长动力问题则深入到复杂的人文社会系统研究中。     

非英语专业学生学习动机研究

动机的强弱极大程度地影响着学习者在二语习得过程中的态度、兴趣、努力程度从而影响到学习者的语言学习结果。本调查结果显示:部分调查对象具有强烈的内在动机,其外在动机自主程度较高。外在动机自主程度的高低与他们的语言学习结果有一定的相关性。     

Career Planning in Spain: Do Fixed-term Contracts Delay Marriage and Parenthood?

The aim of this paper is to find an empirical connection between the striking increase in the use of fixed-term contracts in Spain and the observed delay in the age at marriage and maternity. Using the eight waves of individual information from the European Household Panel for Spain, we find that for men, the decision whether to get married is strongly negatively affected by holding unstable contracts or not working, relative to when an indefinite contract is held. However, for women, results suggest that holding fixed-term contracts is not a deterrent for the decision whether to get married. With respect to the decision of whether to enter into parenthood, results indicate that for all childless women, either with no partner, holding fixed-term contracts delays entry into motherhood relative to the holding of indefinite contracts. The discouragement effect is stronger for women with no partner, though.JEL classification: D1, J1