The credibility premiums based on estimated moment-generating function

Traditionally, experience ratemaking is in principle based on the idea of Bühlmann’s credibility theory that, except for net premiums, was rarely applied to other premium calculation principles. This article uses Bühlmann’s credibility procedure to estimate moment-generating functions (MGFs) of risks and then deduces estimates of moments of those risks. For the premium calculation principles that can be expressed as functions of certain moments or more directly of the MGFs, this article develops a new type of experience ratemaking methods by means of the estimated MGFs and discusses their consistency and asymptotic normality. Numerical simulation shows that, under the Esscher and exponential premium principles, the new credibility estimates are better than existing credibilityestimates in the literature.     

Determinants of deglobalization: A hierarchical model to explore their interrelations as a conduit to policy

The world is moving towards the deglobalization era, and industrialized economies have marked its beginning. The present study aims to identify the interaction among the selected determinants that have brought the paradigm change. Numerous studies have been done to explore the determinants that have brought globalization; however, a few research pieces have been conducted to analyze the reasons behind the people’s displeasure after globalization. The contemporary study attempts to fill the above gap by studying the interplay among the determinants leading to the deglobalization process. We have used the modified total interpretive structural modeling to explore the relationship between the determinant that led to deglobalization. Incorporating polarity in TISM modeling has refined the model and made it more explanatory. The developed model is a novel initiative in studying the determinants that have led to the deglobalization process. In addition to it, we have also examined how the rising skepticism against globalization influences countries’ policy formation.     

经济政策不确定性是否降低了全球技术溢出强度:基于货物贸易与服务贸易的对比分析

本文采用20个国家及地区细分类型的货物贸易和服务贸易双边数据,对比研究不同贸易类型技术溢出对进口国全要素生产率的影响,并进一步分析出口国经济政策不确定性是否会降低技术溢出的作用强度。结果显示:一方面,货物及服务进口贸易引致的技术溢出显著促进了母国相对全要素生产率的提升,服务进口贸易技术溢出作用强度为0.0432,比货物进口贸易高77.8%,且两者作用强度经检验存在显著差异,这意味着服务贸易已成为全球技术溢出更为重要的载体;另一方面,加入经济政策不确定性指数后发现,各类贸易溢出仍能显著促进进口国相对全要素生产率的提升,但是经济政策不确定性显著降低了技术溢出作用的强度,服务进口的贸易技术溢出作用强度所受影响比货物进口高95.5%。本文的研究结果表明,适当对进口贸易结构进行纠偏,挑选经济政策不确定性较低的出口伙伴国是强化我国进口技术溢出吸收的关键。     

Optimal investment and premium control for insurers with ambiguity

Abstract

In this paper, we consider the optimal investment and premium control problem for insurers who worry about model ambiguity. Different from previous works, we assume that the insurer’s surplus process is described by a non-homogeneous compound Poisson model and the insurer has ambiguity on both the financial market and the insurance market. Our purpose is to find the impacts of model ambiguity on optimal policies. With the objective of maximizing the expected utility of terminal wealth, the closed-form solutions of the optimal investment and premium policies are obtained by solving HJB equations. Finally, numerical examples are also given to illustrate the results.     

我国财产保险保费收入影响因素的实证研究

财产保险保费收入是衡量财产保险发展水平的一个重要依据.从财产保险的险种构成出发,使用固定个体效应回归模型,以2007-2012年我国31个省、直辖市的财产保险保费收入为面板数据,找出反映财产保险的主要险种分别对我国财产保险保费收入的影响,最终得出财产保险保费收入与其影响因素之间的回归方程和经济含义.因此,该研究结果有助于更有针对性地采取相应的措施解决现有问题,提升我国财产保险业的广度和深度;同时也为我国的保险公司制定战略和改进特定业务提供方向,为政府制定有关财产保险行业的政策提供依据,最终促进宏观经济的增长.     

Willingness to Pay for Risk Reduction and Risk Aversion without the Expected Utility Assumption

By means of minimal assumptions on the individual preferences, I show that the Willingness To Pay (WTP) for both a FSD and SSD reduction of risk is the sum of a mean effect, a pure risk effect and a wealth effect. As a result, the WTP of a risk-averse decision maker may be lower than the WTP of a risk-neutral one, for a large class of individual preferences’ representation and a large class of risks.     

论近代中西文化交流的历史特点

近代中西文化交流局面,形成于中国晚清社会.与前两次大规模的中西文化交流活动不同的是,它不是在主动选择、自主交流与平等互换的基础上展开的,而是在帝国主义列强入侵这一形势下被动地、扭曲地进行的,因而具有其特殊的历史背景与时代特征.本文拟从文化势差的产生、侵略与反侵略以及文化“入超”三个方面,对这一时期的历史特点予以廓清.     

Shareholders' Wealth‐Maximizing Operating Decisions and Risk Management Practices in a Mixed Contracts Economy

This paper establishes a critically important positive role for operations management practices and financial hedging. We show that operations management decisions and financial hedging are intertwined, and we advance a framework that can identify their combined effects on investors' wealth. We show that: (a) firms (publicly traded corporations) will optimally hold adequate riskless working capital (e.g., cash) to minimize the cost of obtaining non‐financial inputs, and the magnitude of this cash holding depends on operating details, and (b) operations management and financial hedging can lower firms' cash requirements, and boost productivity, defined as the wealth created in the firm per dollar of invested capital. Productivity‐enhancing practices—by “freeing up” some of the firm's cash—can maximize the investors' wealth. We show that these results obtain because firms' contracts with many of the providers of non‐financial inputs are not traded, and because investors can invest not just in public corporations but also in businesses “outside the markets” (e.g., proprietorships, partnerships, and private equity).     

中国商品期货市场风险溢价及其影响因素测度研究:基于套期保值压力效应的视角

本文基于套期保值压力效应的视角主要从商品期货合约本身的套期保值压力和交叉套期保值压力两个方面对我国农产品、能源化工和金属商品期货的风险溢价进行测度和分析.实证研究表明:当控制系统风险后,商品期货本身的套期保值压力与存在于组内的交叉套期保值压力均显著地影响期货的风险溢价.最后,本文引入价格压力变量以检验期货风险溢价模型的稳健性,当控制价格压力后,这两种套期保值压力效应仍然显著地存在.     

对外贸易与国内收入差距：基于全球125个国家的实证分析

 本文利用全球125个国家的统计数据,分所有国家、发达国家、发展中国家、亚洲发展中国家四个层面,实证分析了进出口贸易对世界各国以及不同类型国家国内收入差距的影响程度、作用以及在影响收入差距所有因素中的地位。研究结果表明：（1）对于所有国家来说,进口和出口对国家内部的收入差距影响系数较小且不显著,金融发展程度因素和高等教育因素是影响国家内部收入差距的重要因素。（2）对于发达国家来说,进口和出口因素是影响国家内部收入差距的主要因素,进口因素和出口因素的影响系数比较大且都比较显著,进口增加有利于扩大收入差距,出口增加有利于缩小收入差距。经济自由度也是影响发达国家国内收入差距的主要因素。（3）对于所有发展中国家来说,进口和出口因素对国家内部收入差距的影响系数较小且都不显著,只有外商直接投资因素和基础教育因素具有显著性。（4）对于亚洲发展中国家来说,进出口贸易因素是影响亚洲发展中国家国内收入差距的重要因素,进口有利于缩小收入差距,出口扩大了收入差距,与所有发展中国家的考察结果相比,进出口贸易对亚洲发展中国家国内收入差距的影响程度更大,且更加显著。