纳米流体应用于电场强化传热的试验研究

通过在电场强化换热技术基础上应用纳米颗粒技术，向换热工质纯变压器油中添加不同浓度的纳米颗粒，在同一热流密度、不同电场电压下进行试验，发现在试验范围内，当施加电压达到44kV时，达到最大换热系数270．3w／（m^2·K），与纯变压器油电场强化自然对流换热相比，其最大强化系数为2．49．强化机理归结于颗粒受电场力作用在流体中产生的扰动所致．     

Are cash transfers the answer for child nutrition in sub‐Saharan Africa? A literature review

Early evidence is ambiguous on the effects of cash transfer programmes on children, but until the last few years there has been little focus on Africa. We review the literature on 20 cash transfer schemes, including 12 from sub‐Saharan Africa. Such interventions have shown improvements in household diet and, in some cases, to agriculture, but have not always improved child health. However, a larger perspective focusing on two key time periods for nutrition—adolescence and the first 1,000 days of life reveals more opportunities for impact. In particular, the opportunity to empower young women to access secondary education and the reduction of adolescent pregnancy rates can improve the health of African children. Cash transfer programmes show promise, though there is room for improvement.     

“I'll Give You the World”: Socioeconomic Differences in Parental Support of Adult Children

Research has shown that parents with higher socioeconomic status provide more resources to their children during childhood and adolescence. The authors asked whether similar effects associated with parental socioeconomic position are extended to adult children. Middle‐aged parents (N = 633) from the Family Exchanges Study reported support they provided to their grown children and coresidence with grown children (N = 1,384). Parents with higher income provided more emotional and material support to the average children. Grown children of parents with less education were more likely to coreside with them. Parental resources (e.g., being married) and demands (e.g., family size) explained these patterns. Of interest is that lower income parents provided more total support to all children (except total financial support). Lower income families may experience a double jeopardy; each grown child receives less support on average, but parents exert greater efforts providing more total support to all their children.     

机制导向的地方生态市建设

伴随着城镇化、工业化步伐的加快,改变城市建设理念,实现人与自然和谐共处已迫在眉睫,生态市建设由此应运而生。经过多年的努力,我国各地区生态市建设已初具规模。任何一项政策的贯彻落实都离不开执行主体、制度建设和资源供给的支撑,因此从这三方面对地方政府生态市建设的障碍因素进行系统分析尤为必要。推进地方政府的生态市建设进程,需要健全和完善相关机制,主要包括权责机制、规划机制、激励机制、监督机制和绩效评价机制。     

Financial Reciprocity and Elder Care: Interdependent Resource Transfers

A sample from the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study was used to examine the influence of parent-to-child financial transfers and economic resources on child-to-parent financial transfers, caregiving, time-help, and coresidence as multiple, interdependent transfers from middle-aged adult children to their elderly parents. There were strong positive effects of prior parent-to-child financial transfers in the models of caregiving, time help, and coresidence but no effect on child-to-parent financial transfers. Coresidence, caregiving, and time-help are complements but there was no interdependence between child-to-parent financial transfers and caregiving or time-help. The effects of parents’ incomes and net worth are interpreted as evidence about motives for transfers to them.

Social Protection in the ‘Real World’: Issues,Models and Challenges

Social protection has evolved rapidly both conceptually and in practice, and is now a key policy issue in humanitarian and development debates. However, debates have sometimes been misled by approaches that pay inadequate attention to context‐specific factors, do not fully consider the sequence of interventions, and are too instrument‐centred. This article presents a conceptual framework to tailor social‐protection policy and implementation more closely to country contexts. Four stylised models of social protection are identified, corresponding to scenarios where social‐protection systems are absent, where elements of such systems exist, and where systems are emerging or have been consolidated. Each model is shown to lead to different challenges, implications and areas for further research.     

所有权与控制权分离问题再探讨--兼论我国国有资产管理体制改革的相关问题

本文从伯利和米恩斯提出的两权分离的命题出发,探讨了所有权与控制权产生分离的原因、控制权的本质以及所有权与控制权的整合方式,并将其应用到我国国有资产管理体制改革的研究中,提出了相关的政策建议.     

“农超对接”供应链的治理模式和专用性投资激励研究

针对目前我国农户加入“农超对接”供应链意愿不足这一现实问题,首先,分析“农超对接”供应链的不完全契约特征;其次,构建了三种不同治理模式的数学模型,对比农户最优专用性投资水平的差异;最后,建立事后再协商的讨价还价动态博弈模型,研究影响农户专业性投资水平的因素。研究表明：以激励农户提高专用性投资水平作为标准,事后再协商模式将比事后不协商模式更具优势;如果农户预期到自己在事后再协商中会面临被“敲竹杠”的风险,将会降低事前的专用性投资水平;可以从改造农超双方不平衡的上下层结构关系入手,来激励农户提高专用性投资水平。     

A Risk-sharing Approach to Transfer Pricing and Incentive Compensation Problems under Exchange Rate Uncertainty*

This study examines the transfer pricing and incentive compensation problems in a multinational enterprise facing currency risk. It is shown that, in the presence of diverse risk preferences among managers, the Hirshleifer (1956) transfer pricing rule results in inefficient resource allocation decisions by division managers. Following the approach developed by Kanodia (1979), two transfer pricing and compensation systems are proposed. The proposed systems enable central management to achieve efficient resource allocation and partial or global risk sharing. It is also argued that the proposed plans can be implemented in conjunction with existing transfer pricing systems that primarily serve tax and tariff concerns.     

When the Kids Live at Home: Coresidence,Parental Assets,and Economic Insecurity

This study uses National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 cohort data from 1994 through 2012 (N = 16,108 person‐years, 4,671 individuals) to investigate how coresidence with adult children influences asset levels among parents. It applies hybrid mixed effects regression models that partition between‐ and within‐person variation to estimate parental savings and financial assets over time and across different households. The results suggest that coresidence with adult children led to decreases in parental assets and savings. In the years in which their children lived at home, parents held 24% less in financial assets and 23% less in savings when compared with the years when adult children were not present. By expanding previous research that shows a relationship between increasing economic insecurity, limited wealth, and the rise in coresidence among young adults, this study also offers broader implications for the interconnectivity of financial hardship across generations.