The Single-Father Family

SUMMARY

This paper examines the demographic and economic characteristics of single-father families, with particular attention to public transfer receipt. Cohabiting and non-cohabiting single fathers are examined and compared to fathers in married-couple families. Estimates from the 1997 March, Current Population Survey (CPS) are featured. Selected trend data for 1984, 1989, and 1996 are also presented. The analyses show that single fathers earn substantially less than married fathers, have lower household incomes, are less educated, and are substantially more likely to be receiving public transfers. Further, the socioeconomic gap between single and married fathers has been increasing since 1984.     

市场变迁对汽车技术跨国转移的影响

我国汽车市场经历了由封闭到逐步开放的历程,正在向完全开方的方向发展。封闭市场中形成的极高寡占市场结构,导致跨国汽车公司对我国的技术输入主要以成熟期技术为主;逐步开放的市场下形成的中高寡占市场结构则迫使跨国公司不得不向我国转入成长期技术;加入WTO后完全开放的市场中形成的极高寡占市场结构将加速汽车先进技术的全方位导入。     

The forgotten half: analysing the politics of welfare services

Jensen C. The forgotten half: analysing the politics of welfare services Int J Soc Welfare 2011: 20: 404–412 © 2010 The Author(s), International Journal of Social Welfare © 2010 Blackwell Publishing Ltd and the International Journal of Social Welfare. This article discusses the welfare state and argues that the service component has been neglected in the mainstream literature. A main reason for the neglect is the lack of theorising on the distinction between the politics of welfare services and the politics of transfers. An analytical framework that may help overcome this problem is presented.     

基于面板分析的中国省级行政区域获取中央财政转移支付的实证研究

财政转移支付制度是落实科学发展观、优化经济社会结构、促进基本公共服务均等化和区 域协调发展的重要制度安排。基于中国大陆31个省级行政区域1999-2009年的相关数据和面板数据 模型,中国省级行政区域获取中央财政转移支付的影响因素研究表明,目前的财政转移支付资金分配不 利于基本公共服务均等化的实现。财政转移支付资金分配虽然在一定程度上考虑到了各省级行政区域 的经济发展水平和预算内财政收入,但忽视了各地大量存在的预算外及非预算财政收入。影响财政转移 支付资金分配的重要因素是中央政府对国家统一的政治考虑,省级政府在体制内对财政转移支付资金分 配的影响相当有限。     

Financing of college education by single-parent and two-parent families

The financing of college education by male and female single-parent families and two-parent families is compared. Female single parents are at a significant disadvantage in being able to accumulate funds, but this is partially offset by financial aid. Variables accounting for significant variation in the parents' contribution to student education expenses are: public versus private school, financial aid, parents' saving behavior, students' contribution, race, and family type. The amount of parental contribution is positively correlated with parent net worth, family per capita income, and total student cost; it is negatively correlated with age of the student.This study utilized data from the National Postsecondary Education Student Aid Study prepared for the National Center for Education Statistics, U. S. Department of Education, by Westat, Inc. Partial support for the research was supplied by the College of Human Ecology and the Computer Science Center of the University of Maryland. The author expresses her appreciation to the Editor and Reviewers for their valuable suggestions.Her research interests include personal finance, family resource management, and personal factors affecting the handling of money. She is a graduate of Berea College, Berea, KY, and received both the M. Ed. and Ed. D. from The Pennsylvania State University.     

Visitations and Transfers After Divorce

Recent research reveals that divorce negatively impacts children's welfare as a consequence of the reduction in monetary and time contributions of the non-custodial parent. After divorce, the variables that link the absent parent to the child are visitations, child support transfers, and direct expenditures the non-custodial parent makes on the child. In our framework parents constitute a bilateral exchange economy where the mother is endowed with control over visitations and the father has control over financial resources. We use data from National Longitudinal Study of the High School Class of 1972 (5th follow up) to estimate the parameters of the model. We then use the estimates to simulate the effects of alternative endowment levels (such as joint custody) on the proportion of time spent with the non-custodial parent and the ex post parental income distribution. The results indicate that an endowment of equal time for both parents, reducing time under the mother's control implies a reduction in the child support transfers from the father, and, therefore, a loss in the mother's consumption levels. However, a more equally shared time with the children also increases the father's direct expenditures on the child, with the effect of allowing the mother to spend less on child goods and partially compensate her consumption loss.     

省际间财力差距的地区分解和结构分解

 本文以1997年～2005年全国31省级财政数据为样本,运用基尼系数和GE指数分解法对省级财力差异进行了分析,结果发现：1997年至2005年间我国省际间财力差距70%以上来源于地区内部,并且地区内部差距呈现扩大趋势;对省级收入来源基尼系数分解表明对财力差异贡献最大的是本级财政收入,总转移支付解释了财力差异的约40%,税收返还和专项转移支付是造成省际间差异的主要原因,唯一起到均等化作用的是农村税费改革转移支付,旨在均衡地区间财力差距的一般性转移支付并没有起到相应的作用。     

A Risk-sharing Approach to Transfer Pricing and Incentive Compensation Problems under Exchange Rate Uncertainty*

This study examines the transfer pricing and incentive compensation problems in a multinational enterprise facing currency risk. It is shown that, in the presence of diverse risk preferences among managers, the Hirshleifer (1956) transfer pricing rule results in inefficient resource allocation decisions by division managers. Following the approach developed by Kanodia (1979), two transfer pricing and compensation systems are proposed. The proposed systems enable central management to achieve efficient resource allocation and partial or global risk sharing. It is also argued that the proposed plans can be implemented in conjunction with existing transfer pricing systems that primarily serve tax and tariff concerns.