Beyond poverty reduction: Conditional cash transfers and citizenship in Ghana

Ghana's Livelihood Empowerment Against Poverty (LEAP) programme provides conditional cash transfers to poor households in deprived communities. Beyond the potentiality of the LEAP programme to reduce poverty, its implications for shaping state–citizen relations and inclusive citizenship have been largely ignored. This study explored the implications of the programme on notions of citizenship among cash recipients. The findings indicate that the programme generates interfaces that strengthen state–citizen interaction and serves as a promising avenue for reintegration. However, it is also characterised by undue delay in cash payment and weak institutional capacity to mediate interactive processes and grievances, which suggests that the contractual relationship and the state's accountability are weak. Furthermore, the programme has negatively influenced community social relations, limiting the forms of agency beneficiaries exercised. The study concludes that although LEAP represents a landmark in Ghana's quest for inclusive citizenship, it undermines social relations and citizens’ rights to hold the state accountable, which unavoidably limits effective state building.     

Consistent Motives for Inter-Family Transfers: Simple Altruism

The influence of the comparative economic status of elderly parents and their adult children on inter-vivos transfers and inheritance was analyzed. The 1992 Wisconsin Longitudinal Study interview provides new evidence that transfers from parents to mid-life adults are motivated by simple altruism, in contrast to other recent studies that support compensatory altruism or exchange motives. These results are based on income tax records for parents from the late 1950's and respondents' earnings reports for the mid-70's, and within-family analyses of sibling pairs and their income reports in the early 1990's. A policy implication is that government income redistribution will not affect how elderly parents provide financial transfers to their adult children.     

完善我国行政检举体制的理论思考

在政治架构中，行政检举作为监督制度的重要组成部分，对于抑制公共权力组织和上级官员的腐败、将公共权力纳入到法治框架内的作用是非常显著的。但是现实情况检举面临很大的困境。检举的本质是公利与私利之间的冲突，而要走出困境，完善我国的行政检举体制，对我国古代政治体制带来的启示与不同学派提出的政策建议进行有益的理论思考则是必要的。     

大力发展清洁能源 全面实施节能减排

节能减排是我国“十一五”期间保持经济健康、协调、可持续发展的重要支点，更是我国转变经济发展方式的关键和保证。为此，必须大力发展新型清洁能源，运用金融工具促进节能减排工作的不断深入，建立有效的节能减排激励机制，制定有针对性的各种节能减排对策措施。     

省以下转移支付资金分配的经济因素——以2005年的江西省为例

通过江西省2005年分县数据的定量研究,发现财力性转移支付会更多地分配到政府雇员规模大和财政自给率低的县;专项转移支付也会受到政府雇员规模的影响.补贴县在两类转移支付的分配中都更受重视,而贫困县会获得更多的专项转移支付.这一研究表明经济因素在省以下的财政转移支付分配中有着非常显著的影响.2002年以来中央对县乡财政要求的"保工资、保运转、保民生、保重点"的财政管理目标在省以下基本得到了执行.     

农业保险对农户节水灌溉技术采纳行为的影响研究

利用469份农户调查数据,探究农户购买农业保险对其节水灌溉技术采纳行为的影响,进而剖析农业风险转移效果评价和异质性风险偏好在其中的作用机理。研究显示：农业风险转移与降低工具呈现互补关系,具体表现为农户购买农业保险将直接促进节水灌溉技术的采纳,并将通过提高其农业风险转移效果评价间接促进节水灌溉技术的采纳。此外,道德风险和挤出效应将限制农业风险转移与降低工具互补性的发挥,表现为风险厌恶型农户购买农业保险将降低其采纳节水灌溉技术的可能性。为提高农户的风险抵御能力,需提升农业风险转移工具的保障效果,完善农村的普惠金融服务体系,降低农户采纳农业风险转移与降低工具的资金约束。同时,应协调农业风险转移与降低工具的关系,深入开展指导服务,实现农业保险与节水灌溉技术的协同推广,共同助力乡村振兴。     

Family Types,Direct Money Transfers from Parents,and School Enrollment among Youth

Intrafamily resource transfers have not been studied extensively as a process that may help reduce the well-being disadvantage of stepchildren in parental remarriages relative to biological children in parental first marriages. The process is examined here by analyzing the link between direct parental money transfers and academic outcomes, as measured by enrollment. I develop and test two alternative hypotheses pertaining to a part of this link, which distinctly applies to children of remarried stepfamilies—the component not shared with children in intact families. An adaptive strategy hypothesis posits a well-being enhancing distinct component, operationalized as a positive interaction effect between measures of parental transfers × stepchildren in parental remarriages. A compromised use hypothesis posits a well-being compromising one, implying a negative interaction effect. Two sets of results from analyzing data on 18- to 21-year-olds over multiple years (Nyouth-age = 5,736, Nperson = 3,615) in the first five waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 support the adaptive strategy hypothesis: (1) the interaction effect (income received from parents × being a stepchild in a parental remarriage) has a positive sign, and (2) this interaction effect is consistently positive, whether the youth is at risk of attending high school or college, even when the direction of the shared component of the link, as measured by the main effect of income from parents, varies by the level of schooling. The results suggest the presence of a robust well-being enhancing money transfer mechanism supporting children in some remarried stepparent families.     

Intergenerational Transfers to Adult Children in Europe: Do Social Policies Matter?

Understanding the role of social policies in intergenerational transfers from old to young people is especially important in times of population aging. This paper focuses on the influences of social expenditures and social services on financial support and on practical help from older parents to their adult children based on the first two waves from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE, N = 60,250 dyads from 13 European countries). Multilevel models showed that social policy plays an important role for intergenerational transfer patterns: The more public assistance was provided to citizens, the more likely parents supported their adult children financially and practically, but this support was less intense in terms of money and time given. Thus, the analyses support the specialization hypothesis that posits a division of labor between family and state for downward intergenerational transfers.     

不完全信任模型下非线性的激励策略设计

针对人力资源信息管理中"理性经济人"员工无法被管理者完全信任的问题,提出了一种新的非线性激励数学模型,实现了人力资源的激励策略优化。将该模型应用于不合格产品检测问题的案例,理论分析结果表明不诚实员工成功欺骗管理者的概率为1/n,其中n为激励检测样本集合元素的个数,从而证明了该激励模型的有效性。     

国有企业高债务的理论分析和短期政策建议

国有企业的债务问题有其深刻的历史根源，但从根本上看，是企业治理机制的问题。扭曲的治理机制，使得对投资者的保护和对管理者的约束激励变得非常困难，资本结构恶化成为必然。本文对此做了理论分析，并提出了短期政策建议。