Social programs and household size: evidence from New York city

What determines how many adults live in a house? How do people divide themselves up among households? Average household sizes vary substantially, both over time and in the cross-section. In this paper, we describe how a variety of government policies affect living arrangements, intentionally or not. Using data from a survey of households in New York City, we find that these incentives appear to have an impact. Specifically, households receiving these housing and income subsidies are smaller on average (measured by number of adults). The impacts appear to be considerably larger than those that would occur if the programs were lump-sum transfers. Small average household size can be extremely expensive in terms of physical and environmental resources, higher rents, and possibly homelessness. Thus, we encourage policymakers to pay greater heed to the provisions built into various social policies that favor smaller households.     

Ranking Income Distributions by Deprivation Orderings

This paper has examined the problem of ranking income distributions using absolute deprivation ordering. It appears that the ranking of distributions by this ordering may be more unambiguous than that generated by the relative deprivation ordering. The class of average deprivation indices consistent with the absolute deprivation criterion is also identified.     

我国农村居民消费需求收入弹性分析及趋势预测

调整收入分配结构、扩大内需成为我国政府当今和未来一段时间经济工作的重中之重。消费需求收入弹性是反映居民消费需求和收入关系的一项重要指标,对其现状及未来趋势的研究具有重要意义。运用ELES模型和GM(1,1)模型对我国农村居民消费需求收入弹性进行分析和预测。研究结果表明,当前该指标整体较高,但未来几年多数子类指标有下降趋势。     

我国农村居民收入与消费关系实证研究

以2008年我国农村居民收入结构与消费结构的关系作为研究对象,首先通过因子分析,从全国31个地区在3项收入来源变量和8项消费支出变量中提取出2个公共因子（非工资性享受型消费因子和工资性生存型消费因子）,并对各地区的因子得分进行排名;再运用K-Means聚类分析将全国各地区消费水平分为5个层次,通过因子分析比较该5个层次在收入来源与消费结构上的异同,在得出一些特点规律的基础上,提出了多途径增加农民收入,提升农村居民消费层次,促进农村经济全面发展的对策建议。     

城镇居民增收因素及潜力实证研究

 城镇居民人均可支配收入的高低决定着居民生活质量的好坏,是检验政府工作绩效的重要指标和反映全面建设小康社会进程的重要依据。为理清收入分配与经济增长、区域经济特征、就业比重、政策性因素、政府转移支付力度的关系,找准居民增收面临的具体问题,进而挖掘居民增收潜力。本文运用马克威分析软件和EViews软件,采用建立数学模型的分析研究方式,对可支配收入的构成及影响居民增收的因素从定量分析的角度进行实证研究,以便准确掌握居民增收规律,探寻促进城镇居民增收的有效途径。     

Cross‐Section Regression with Common Shocks

This paper considers regression models for cross‐section data that exhibit cross‐section dependence due to common shocks, such as macroeconomic shocks. The paper analyzes the properties of least squares (LS) estimators in this context. The results of the paper allow for any form of cross‐section dependence and heterogeneity across population units. The probability limits of the LS estimators are determined, and necessary and sufficient conditions are given for consistency. The asymptotic distributions of the estimators are found to be mixed normal after recentering and scaling. The t, Wald, and F statistics are found to have asymptotic standard normal, χ², and scaled χ² distributions, respectively, under the null hypothesis when the conditions required for consistency of the parameter under test hold. However, the absolute values of t, Wald, and F statistics are found to diverge to infinity under the null hypothesis when these conditions fail. Confidence intervals exhibit similarly dichotomous behavior. Hence, common shocks are found to be innocuous in some circumstances, but quite problematic in others. Models with factor structures for errors and regressors are considered. Using the general results, conditions are determined under which consistency of the LS estimators holds and fails in models with factor structures. The results are extended to cover heterogeneous and functional factor structures in which common factors have different impacts on different population units.     

中国城市性别收入差距研究

本文利用三年城镇住户调查数据研究在不同收入水平的群体里性别收入差距的程度以及成因。研究发现在1980年代,性别收入差距程度较小并且在各个收入水平上类似。而到了1990年代以后,性别收入差距的程度有所扩大并且主要集中在低收入群体里。本文还发现在低收入群体里较大的性别收入差距主要是由性别歧视造成的。本文由此建议社会更加关注低学历、低收入的女性劳动者,保护她们的权利,该群体是劳动力市场上最弱势的群体。     

Do couples share income? Variation in the organisation of income in dual‐earner households

This paper examines the organisation of income of cohabiting and married dual‐income couples. This topic has gained significance as women increase their participation in the labour force, and increasingly bring additional money into the household. Given the increase in cohabitation, researchers have proposed that financial arrangements may differ according to relationship type. We model the effect of relationship type and previous relationship experience using data from a nationally‐representative survey from Australia. The effect of other factors related to the individual and household, such as length of relationship, educational background, home ownership and presence of children, is also explored. We find income organisation varies by whether the person is legally married or cohabiting, which we attribute to the institution of marriage.     

我国部门间收入流量测算及特征分析

摘　　要:国民收入在部门间的分配流量及其比例,是宏观经济研究的重要内容。研究收入分配问题,不能不考虑部门间在收入分配中的相互关系,但我国目前官方只公布收入与部门交叉数据,还缺乏部门与部门交叉流量数据,且有3年的滞后期。本文采用了一种称为“双矩阵RAS法”的方法,首先利用官方公布的2003年收入与部门交叉数据对2005年收入与部门数据进行了测算,进而用“收入转移法”测算了2005年部门与部门交叉流量数据。分析了1997年至2005年我国部门间收入流量状况,总结出近年来我国部门间收入流量变化的六大特征,并提出了相应的建议。     

分红型寿险产品保单红利所得税税制研究

目前,对分红险的保单红利是否应该征收个人所得税;在保险业界和税务部门以及学术界都存在争议。文章在借鉴国外分红脸保单红利个人所得税税制的基础上,结合我国分红脸的发展特点,提出应该适时建立分红险保单红利所得税税制。该税制的设计应遵循公平和效率原则,采用税延型的代扣代缴方式予以征税,征税范围应为超出保险成本部分、利差部分以及保单红利的生息部分。最后文章从税务机关的主张和文章的建议税制两个方面对开征保单红利所得税对寿险业的影响进行了比较分析,得出了文章的建议税制在保单持有人的保单收益和税务机关的征税总额方面优势明显的结论。