利用世代交叠模型对赡养经济中养老不确定性问题的理论研究

 本文基于儒教影响深远的亚洲国家，建立了一个离散时间的双向世代间转移的赡养经济模型。主体设为个人和政府，假设个人后代中存在利他性赡养老人和利己性不赡养老人两种情况的不确定性，并假设由政府提供完全保险。针对老年人赡养的不确定性问题，本文重点讨论在无保险和完全保险条件下个人的最优投资结构和国家经济体的最优增长方式。 对比研究表明：在无保险的情况下，赡养不确定性的存在使部分个人投资分流到次等的财产投资，导致总体投资效率下降，经济增长也受到负面影响。在引入政府保险的风险共担机制后，个人投资都集中在收益较高的后代教育投资，从而提高了总体投资效率，也促进了经济快速增长。 本文的研究结果，对分析研究当前中国出现的子女教育投资热现象、农村和城市家庭对子女教育投资 “一冷一热”的分化现象等社会问题，都具有较强的解释力和一定的现实意义。     

Using intergenerational relationship teaching strategies in a college-level online gerontology course

Society members educated in gerontology are needed to care for older adults in the United States. Young people may have misconceptions and lack of awareness about aging and older adults, which may influence choosing jobs working with elders. However, research has shown that on-ground courses using intergenerational relationships as a teaching strategy have proved to be effective in changing the views of students. This article reports on the experiences of college-level students in an online gerontology course that used an intergenerational relationship teaching strategy. Through journal entries and discussion board postings, students shared new understandings about aging, elders, and themselves. Data were analyzed using narrative inquiry and the threedimensional (3D) inquiry space. Findings showed students’ views could be changed through intergenerational relationships with reflection in an online course.     

Intergenerational solidarity and intragenerational relations between adult siblings

Few studies have yet investigated how intergenerational solidarity between parents and adult children is associated with intragenerational relations between siblings. Theoretically, one might expect compensation between inter- and intragenerational relationship solidarity as well as spillover effects from parent-child solidarity to sibling solidarity. Using data from the German Family Panel (pairfam), this study analyzes 5410 interviews with young adults who provided detailed information on the relationships to their parents and up to four siblings. Focusing on four dimensions of relationships in families (contact, emotional closeness, intimacy, and conflict), hierarchical linear regression results provide general support for the assumption that inter- and intragenerational relations reinforce each other. We also find evidence for the existence of partially compensating relationships: more frequent intergenerational conflicts, for example, not only predict more frequent conflicts between siblings, but also greater intimacy. The results are in line with predictions derived from family systems theory as well as social learning and attachment theories.     

Reply to comment on “Why do women interact with their parents more often than men? The demonstration effect vs. the biological effect”

In this research note, I argue that none of the claimed empirical evidence of the demonstration effect is causal. The demonstration effect is one of many unobserved motives behind intergenerational interactions. It is extremely difficult to single out the demonstration motive from these unobserved motives. In the real world, it remains a challenge to prove the demonstration effect.     

‘My grandchild has a disability’: Impact on grandparenting identity, roles and relationships

Being a grandparent is an important and valued role for many older adults, who often have strong views about the type of grandparent they will be and what they will teach their grandchild. When their grandchild has a disability, grandparents may have to significantly adjust their expectations and interactions. This research explores if and how having a grandchild with a disability influences grandparents' sense of identity and enactment of the grandparent role. Using qualitative purposive sampling, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 22 grandparents of children with an intellectual and/or physical disability residing in Brisbane, Australia. A thematic analysis identified three key themes characterising grandparent's views: formation of grandparenting identity, styles of grandparenting, and role enactment. The results highlight the critical role of grandparents when a child has a disability, illustrating that the grandparenting experience and role enactment may be universal with only the context and delivery varying.     

丹麦王国和英联邦社会保障制度考察

作者通过对丹麦、英国的社会福利、社会保障及其相关的法律运作情况的考察,系统地概括了丹、英两国社会保障制度的主要特点,并从中总结出其对我国社会保障制度改革的有益启示。     

“青年”式的激扬--七月派小说艺术美学浅论

七月派小说家们因为自身个性的激越与坚执 ,以及由于年龄影响所导致的开放、不完全固定、愤激大于沉着的认知格局等缘故 ,使他们在小说创作中力求以原生的状态反映复杂而庸常的客观生活 ,崇扬作品内容的“力”的意蕴。这一切又使得七月派小说在整体上呈现出“青年”式的激扬的美学特征。     

文学感染力特性描述

文学感染力是文学综合魅力之一种,它由多种因素、多种力量混合而生,作者详细研究了文学感染力的各种特性、根基和依赖,以及如何增强感染力之法则。     

New Destinations? Assessing the Post‐migration Social Mobility of Minority Ethnic Groups in England and Wales

This paper considers the roles of migration and group‐specific ethnic penalties in minority groups’ life chances. In relation to existing knowledge of extensive diversity between ethnic groups, and outlining a range of frameworks within which to understand that diversity, the paper first explores the relationship of class origins to parental educational and economic assets for three groups of migrant parentage and a comparison white non‐migrant group. Second, the paper investigates for the different ethnic groups how the probability of having a professional or managerial class outcome is influenced by class origins and by the educational achievements of the “second generation”. Analysis is based on the ONS Longitudinal Study, which enables the study members to be tracked from 1971, when they were children living with their parents, to their own social class outcomes in 1991 and 2001. Because processes of occupational achievement may take different lengths of time for different groups, occupational outcomes are modelled in both 1991 and 2001, and also outcomes in 2001 conditional on position in 1991. The paper shows that there is evidence of differential processes operating for different ethnic groups that go beyond their class background, but which cannot be attributed to discrimination operating equally against all minority groups.     

Empirical evidence on intergenerational inequality of tax burdens in the U.S. and Japan

Aggregate data of tax burdens in the U.S. and Japan, classified by period and by age, are decomposed into age, period, and cohort effects using the Bayesian cohort models which were developed to overcome the identification problem in cohort analysis. Main findings are that in both countries the age effects are the largest and the cohort effects are obscure or negligible and that in both countries significant intergenerational inequality is not observed.