Does mother’s employment conflict with child development? Multilevel analysis of British mothers born in 1958

Does maternal employment, while children are very young, affect their development? We link cognitive and behavioral scores of school-aged children to mothers’ employment during preschool years using virtually unique data for two generations in the 1958 British birth cohort. Our multivariate, multilevel model controls for mothers’ own cognitive and behavioral scores in childhood. Results are mixed and minor, confirming other British studies at mid-childhood. Reading is, significantly, slightly poorer where less educated mothers work in the child’s first year of life. We found few other interactions with employment but did detect intergenerational transmission of behavioral and cognitive characteristics.     

中小型出口企业汇率风险管理研究

汇率变化始终影响着出口企业的经营与发展,以中小企业面临的汇率风险为切入点,阐述了其面临的主要风险是交易风险、会计风险和经营风险,并指出其汇率风险管理存在的问题：汇率风险意识淡薄、汇率风险管理机制缺失、银行业务有限、政府服务滞后等。面对日益增大的外汇风险,从企业自身、银行和政府三个层面提出了中小型出口企业汇率风险的防范与控制措施：重视汇率风险管理,不断提升产品核心竞争力;强化汇率风险意识,建立严格高效的内部控制制度;培养风险管理人才,健全风险管理体系;积极利用多种金融衍生工具规避风险;提高防御汇率风险的水平;依赖银行积极参与合作、政府保驾护航,实现稳健经营、健康发展。     

Doubling up when times are tough: A study of obligations to share a home in response to economic hardship

This study uses a factorial vignette design embedded in an Internet survey to investigate attitudes toward an adult child and parent living together in response to economic hardship. Over half of Americans said the desirability of intergenerational co-residence depends on particularistic aspects of the family, notably the quality of family relationships. Support for co-residence is greatest when the adult child is single rather than partnered. Support is weaker if the adult child is cohabiting rather than married to the partner, although groups with greater exposure to cohabitation make less of a distinction between cohabitation and marriage. Presence of a grandchild does not affect views about co-residence. There is more support for sharing a home when a mother needs a place to live than when the adult child does. Responses to open-ended questions show that individuals invoke both universalistic family obligations and particularistic qualities of family relationships to explain their attitudes.     

Complementary person-supervisor fit: An investigation of supplies-values (S-V) fit,leader-member exchange (LMX) and work outcomes

By applying the supplies-values (S-V) fit approach from the complementary person-environment (P-E) fit literature to the leader-employee perspective, and drawing upon social exchange theory, we examine how fulfillment of different work values is related to Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) and work outcomes. First, polynomial regression analyses combined with response surface analysis of data collected at two time points (N = 316) showed that LMX (Time 2) was higher the more the leader fulfills the employee's work values (Time 1). Second, LMX (Time 2) was higher when leader supplies (Time 1) and employee work values (Time 1) were both high than when both were low. Third, analyses of data from a sub-sample of matched leader-employee dyads (N = 140), showed that LMX (Time 2) played a mediating role on the relation between S-V fit (Time 1) and work outcomes (Time 2). Specifically, we found eight out of 10 relationships between S-V fit (Time 1) and leader-rated task performance and OCB (Time 2) to be fully mediated by LMX (Time 2). LMX (Time 2) partially mediated the relation between S-V fit (Time 1) and job satisfaction (Time 2) as only two out of five relationships were fully mediated.     

Toyota in the 21st century in Asian countries: Information exchange system and best mix

This article explains the general nature of the business style of Toyota management strategy, its specific performance, and its development in China. It is quite difficult to find specific revolutionary policies and unusual strategies for the success of the Toyota Motor Corporation.     

Leader negative feedback-seeking and leader effectiveness in leader-subordinate relationships: The paradoxical role of subordinate expertise

From a motivational perspective of feedback-seeking behavior, we examined the mediating role of leaders' negative feedback-seeking from subordinates in the relationship between the quality of leader-member exchange (LMX) and subordinates' evaluation of leader effectiveness, along with the moderating role of subordinate expertise in the mediated relationship. Using 151 unique matched sets of leader and subordinate reports obtained from 5 large Korean companies, we found that the positive relationship between LMX and leader effectiveness was mediated by leaders' negative feedback-seeking. Additionally, the positive relationship between LMX and leader negative feedback-seeking was stronger when perceived subordinate expertise was lower. Lastly, the indirect effect of LMX on leader effectiveness through leader negative feedback-seeking was stronger when perceived subordinate expertise was lower. These findings were obtained after controlling for leaders' power distance and goal orientations that might influence their motives to seek or avoid feedback. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.     

Testing symmetry under a skew Laplace model

We develop tests of hypothesis about symmetry based on samples from possibly asymmetric Laplace distributions and present exact and limiting distribution of the test statistics. We postulate that the test statistic derived under the Laplace model is a rational choice as a measure of skewness and can be used in testing symmetry for other, quite general classes of skew distributions. Our results are applied to foreign exchange rates for 15 currencies.     

中国社会个体化的产生及其条件——个体化相关理论述评

通过对个体化相关理论的梳理,考察了个体化的概念和个体化的基本特征,提出当今的中国社会正在经历一场个体化的转型;从大多数学者的市场与个体化、国家与个体化2种不同视角考察了个体化产生的社会条件,指出这2种研究视角存在的缺陷,并试图寻求能够弥补这一缺陷的前提下研究中国个体化的中间道路,即在关系和礼物交换类型的改变中对个体化的表现样态进行考察;归纳了阎云翔关于中西方个体化进程的比较,由于中西方个体化进程的社会背景不同,中国很可能会走出一条与西方不同的个体化道路。     

1978—2007年人民币行为均衡汇率的实证研究

行为均衡汇率理论是均衡汇率的测算方法中影响较大的一种理论。依据行为均衡汇率测算方法,以中国1978—2007年度数据,运用向量误差纠正研究技术,对人民币实际有效汇率与贸易余额占GDP比重等经济基本因素时间序列之间的协整关系进行了实证检验。研究表明人民币实际有效汇率虽然在相当长一段时间内处于低估的状态,但随着经济基本因素的改变,目前它已经十分接近于均衡汇率水平。     

近代国外大学教师聘任对中国早期大学的影响

近代欧洲大学教师之分类与聘任,以德法两国大学较为典型。其他欧洲如英国、意大利等国之大学,以及欧洲之外的美国、日本之大学,对德国大学教师之分等设级与聘任制度等,皆有所继承。不过,因为各国国情相异,在继承之同时亦多有发展。中国近代大学本是西方大学理念舶入的产物,其教师之分等设级与聘任等,更是受西方大学综合影响甚深。