近年来国内政府信任问题研究综述

基于解决实际问题的现实考量,我国学术界深入展开了对政府信任问题的理论研究;在政府信任的概念诠释、理论模型以及应用研究等方面取得了重大的理论成就;不仅成功开辟了政府信任问题的历史发生学视野、结构化视野和学科化视野,而且有效地促进了政府信任研究与构建社会主义和谐社会、形塑服务型政府以及推进政治现代化等实践之间的有机结合。     

当代西方经济社会学信任研究的新视野——科尔曼关于信任的研究

当代西方新经济社会学家科尔曼独辟蹊径,对“信任”问题展开一种“综合研究”。他认为,交易中的信任行为虽是一种风险行为,但却是一种有目的的理性行为,其目的是获得利益的最大化,因而应“给予信任”。信任还是一种特定的社会资本形式,它基本上是无形的,表现为人与人的关系,它具有不可让渡性、互惠性、可再生性和公共产品性。     

论公益捐赠行为的法律性质

公益捐赠行为属于捐助行为之一种,它在我国的社会生活中发挥了越来越重要的作用.公益捐赠合同除作为其合同主体的捐赠人和受赠人外,还涉及受益人这一公益捐赠合同关系人.同时,合同客体和内容的特殊性反映了这类行为的社会公益性目的.公益捐赠行为的法律涵义决定了它与信托、第三人利益契约和代理法律关系存在着明显差异.通过对此比较分析,可以确定公益捐赠是一种附义务的赠与合同.     

Emotions,Trust, and Perceived Risk: Affective and Cognitive Routes to Flood Preparedness Behavior

Despite the prognoses of the effects of global warming (e.g., rising sea levels, increasing river discharges), few international studies have addressed how flood preparedness should be stimulated among private citizens. This article aims to predict Dutch citizens’ flood preparedness intentions by testing a path model, including previous flood hazard experiences, trust in public flood protection, and flood risk perceptions (both affective and cognitive components). Data were collected through questionnaire surveys in two coastal communities (n= 169, n= 244) and in one river area community (n= 658). Causal relations were tested by means of structural equation modeling (SEM). Overall, the results indicate that both cognitive and affective mechanisms influence citizens’ preparedness intentions. First, a higher level of trust reduces citizens’ perceptions of flood likelihood, which in turn hampers their flood preparedness intentions (cognitive route). Second, trust also lessens the amount of dread evoked by flood risk, which in turn impedes flood preparedness intentions (affective route). Moreover, the affective route showed that levels of dread were especially influenced by citizens’ negative and positive emotions related to their previous flood hazard experiences. Negative emotions most often reflected fear and powerlessness, while positive emotions most frequently reflected feelings of solidarity. The results are consistent with the affect heuristic and the historical context of Dutch flood risk management. The great challenge for flood risk management is the accommodation of both cognitive and affective mechanisms in risk communications, especially when most people lack an emotional basis stemming from previous flood hazard events.     

The promise and perversity of perspective-taking in organizations

Successful managers and leaders need to effectively navigate their organizational worlds, from motivating customers and employees to managing diversity to preventing and resolving conflicts. Perspective-taking is a psychological process that is particularly relevant to each of these activities. The current review critically examines perspective-taking research conducted by both management scholars and social psychologists and specifies perspective-taking's antecedents, consequences, mechanisms, and moderators, as well as identifies theoretical and/or empirical shortfalls. Our summary of the current state of perspective-taking research offers three important contributions. First, we offer a new definition of perspective-taking: the active cognitive process of imagining the world from another's vantage point or imagining oneself in another's shoes to understand their visual viewpoint, thoughts, motivations, intentions, and/or emotions. Second, we highlight that although perspective-taking has many positive benefits for managers and leaders, it also carries with it the potential for perverse effects. Third, we argue that previous theoretical lenses to understand perspective-taking's goal are insufficient in light of all the available evidence. Instead, we offer a new theoretical proposition to capture the full range of perspective-taking's positive and negative effects: perspective-taking helps individuals effectively navigate a world filled with mixed-motive social interactions. Our mixed-motive model of perspective-taking not only captures the current findings but also offers new directions for future research.     

Changes in the Factors Influencing Public Acceptance of Nuclear Power Generation in Japan Since the 2011 Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Disaster

Public support for nuclear power generation has decreased in Japan since the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear accident in March 2011. This study examines how the factors influencing public acceptance of nuclear power changed after this event. The influence factors examined are perceived benefit, perceived risk, trust in the managing bodies, and pro‐environmental orientation (i.e., new ecological paradigm). This study is based on cross‐sectional data collected from two online nationwide surveys: one conducted in November 2009, before the nuclear accident, and the other in October 2011, after the accident. This study's target respondents were residents of Aomori, Miyagi, and Fukushima prefectures in the Tohoku region of Japan, as these areas were the epicenters of the Great East Japan Earthquake and the locations of nuclear power stations. After the accident, trust in the managing bodies was found to have a stronger influence on perceived risk, and pro‐environmental orientation was found to have a stronger influence on trust in the managing bodies; however, perceived benefit had a weaker positive influence on public acceptance. We also discuss the theoretical and practical implications of these findings.     

论缔约过失责任的赔偿范围

赔偿范围问题在缔约过失责任理论中一直颇有争议。本文基于缔约过失责任概念的基本界定,认为缔约过失责任损害赔偿的基本范围为信赖利益的损失。相应地,为契合缔约过失责任理论的创立初衷和平衡当事人的利益,信赖利益的赔偿范围应包括了间接利益、非财产上损失以及第三人等损失,但应以履行利益为限。     

消费升级下在线信任及其对在线消费行为的影响研究

以消费者购买决策理论为基础,探讨消费升级下在线信任及其对在线消费行为的影响,选取商家声誉、物流服务质量、平台功能和促销活动四个维度进行分析.研究表明:在线信任、物流服务质量、平台功能以及促销活动对在线购买意愿的正向影响显著;此外,在线信任在物流服务质量、平台功能以及促销活动对在线购买意愿的影响中起到部分中介作用,在商家声誉对在线购买意愿的影响中起到完全中介作用.当前,在消费升级环境下,线上零售商应注重声誉的打造,通过提高在线信任来降低减轻消费者风险,同时在运营中优化线上购买流程和商品陈列设置,精准匹配促销信息,保持顾客感知优势.     

Parental Divorce and Interpersonal Trust in Adult Offspring

It has been proposed that recent increases in parental divorce have inhibited the development of trust among offspring. This proposition is tested by examining whether parental divorce is associated with offspring trust in parents, intimate partners, and others. Data come from the Marital Instability Over the Life Course Study. Results reveal that although parental divorce is negatively associated with trust, these effects largely disappear once the quality of the past parent‐teen relationship is taken into account. The one exception is trust in fathers where children of divorce remain at higher risk of mistrust. Trust in parents, intimates, and others is strongly linked to positive parent‐teen relationships regardless of parental divorce. Contemporary relationship experiences also influence trusting intimates and others.     

论我国社会资本的重建

中华文化源远流长 ,社会资本积累深厚 ,为我国社会发展提供了原动力。但随着市场经济的深入 ,信任规则失范、职业道德沦丧等问题日益突出 ,不断侵蚀着信任、合作等社会资本的根基 ,不能不引起全社会的关注和忧虑。社会资本亟需重建 ,它的重建应从存量和增量两方面入手 :一方面对存量社会资本进行扬弃 ,剔其糟粕 ,吸其精华 ;另一方面 ,开发和吸收现代意义的社会资本 ,增加开放性的、大范围的社会资本。当然 ,社会资本重建需要良好的制度环境作其支撑 ,缺乏制度化支持的社会资本是脆弱的。