Implicit Attitudes Toward Nuclear Power and Mobile Phone Base Stations: Support for the Affect Heuristic

The implicit association test (IAT) measures automatic associations. In the present research, the IAT was adapted to measure implicit attitudes toward technological hazards. In Study 1, implicit and explicit attitudes toward nuclear power were examined. Implicit measures (i.e., the IAT) revealed negative attitudes toward nuclear power that were not detected by explicit measures (i.e., a questionnaire). In Study 2, implicit attitudes toward EMF (electro-magnetic field) hazards were examined. Results showed that cell phone base stations and power lines are judged to be similarly risky and, further, that base stations are more closely related to risk concepts than home appliances are. No differences between experts and lay people were observed. Results of the present studies are in line with the affect heuristic proposed by Slovic and colleagues. Affect seems to be an important factor in risk perception.     

论价值观变化的基本规律

在社会转型期价值观变化过程中，存在着破与立相结合的规律，破与立结合方可实现新旧价值观的更替。在这一过程中，又往往要借助核心价值观的辐射与边沿价值观的聚合双向互动来完成。在辐射与聚合的双向互动、相互作用中，核心价值占有主导的地位，但同时应对其他价值保有一定的宽容性。此外，以核心价值为主导、多重价值组合的价值体系，体现了特定社会的价值目标和价值理想，它对社会成员起特定的驱动作用，促使人们追求更高的价值，这就是所谓的价值目标适时上升规律。     

试谈企业核心竞争力的培养

企业核心竞争力对企业的长期持续发展具有不可估量的战略意义。从我国企业现状看 ,培养核心竞争力应该从调整企业发展战略、集中企业的资源确定自己专业经营领域和经营特点入手 ,来保持长久不衰的竞争优势     

风险-收益感知对核电公众接受度的影响机制分析——基于广州大学城的调研

此项研究探讨了风险感知与收益感知互动作用对核能接受度的影响机制。研究发现,不同程度的风险-收益感知对核电接受度的影响程度不同。其中,低风险-高收益感知的公众对核能的接受度最高,其次是高风险-高收益感知和低风险-低收益感知的公众,而高风险-低收益感知的公众对核能的接受度最低。对于影响风险-收益感知的因素,公众参与的影响最为显著,其次是对专家和政府的信任。信任和公众参与是通过风险-收益感知的中介变量,间接影响公众的核电接受度。     

我国核电上市公司技术效率研究——基于超效率DEA模型的实证分析

在能源枯竭与环境污染的双重压力下,提高核能效率至关重要。文章从微观上市公司层面对核能技术效率进行研究。运用超效率DEA模型对我国核电上市公司的2009—2014年的技术效率进行测算,在数据处理上创新性地把宏观层面的指标数据平减运用于微观层面。在此基础上运用Tobit模型从财务及非财务两个方面的影响因素对我国核电上市公司技术效率的影响因素进行研究并提出政策建议。结果表明:短期偿债能力、盈利能力、公司规模对我国核电上市公司技术效率有显著的正的影响。长期偿债能力对我国核电上市公司技术效率有显著的负的影响;营运能力、员工教育程度、公司技术构成、研发能力对我国核电上市公司技术效率无显著影响。所以,我国核电上市公司应适当降低公司的长期负债,适当提高流动负债,提高公司的盈利能力,扩大公司规模。     

基于眼动数据的核电厂数字化主控室操纵员认知负荷量化模型研究

核电厂数字化人机界面改变了主控室操纵员的认知负荷,对核电厂的安全产生影响。文章在认知负荷理论和眼动追踪技术的基础上,利用SGE、GTE、注视点个数和注视时长等四项眼动指标构建了基于眼动数据的核电厂数字化主控室操纵员认知负荷量化模型。在DCS模拟机上对正常工况和事故工况进行模拟实验,实验结束后被试者填写NASA—TLX量表,并计算和收集所需要的眼动数据。对量表得分P_n和四项眼动指标的乘积M进行相关性分析,对量化模型的可行性进行了验证。对P_n和M进行回归分析得出模型指数,并计算P_n与计算值P之间的误差,验证了量化模型的准确性。基于眼动数据的核电厂操纵员认知负荷量化模型的提出,为眼动指标应用于核电厂安全领域提供了理论参考。     

有效独立性原则下核安全监督管理体制的审视与重构

核安全监管的独立性应当是有效独立性。它不仅要求在体制设置上实现监管机构与其他机构或实体的有效分离,也要求监管机构能够独立行使行政许可、审评、监督执法等关键职能,并确保监管机构在安全决策上有效独立。就我国而言,应基于有效独立性原则对核安全监督管理体制进行审视重构,强化国家核安全局独立性、整合核安全监管核心职能、建立部门间监管协调机制、健全核安全监管技术支持和人力资源管理体系、构建完善透明、可追溯的监管决策程序和利益冲突审查机制等措施,推动我国核安全监督管理体制的健全完善。     

基于未确知测度理论的核电项目建造过程风险评价

为了提高核电项目建造过程风险评价的准确度,针对其风险评价过程中存在的诸多不确定性因素,应用未确知测度理论,建立核电项目建造过程风险评价模型。选用项目施工因素、进度因素、费用控制因素和环境因素等4个因素作为一级指标,项目质量等13个因素作为二级指标,构建评判要素的未确知测度函数;同时采用信息熵理论确定评价要素权重,最后依据置信度识别准则对核电项目建造过程风险等级进行判定。研究结果表明:该核电项目建造过程风险性等级为一般级别风险,与实际情况吻合。该方法可为科学评价核电项目建造过程风险提供一种新思路,为类似项目的风险评估提供参考和借鉴。     

How a Nuclear Power Plant Accident Influences Acceptance of Nuclear Power: Results of a Longitudinal Study Before and After the Fukushima Disaster

Major nuclear accidents, such as the recent accident in Fukushima, Japan, have been shown to decrease the public's acceptance of nuclear power. However, little is known about how a serious accident affects people's acceptance of nuclear power and the determinants of acceptance. We conducted a longitudinal study (N= 790) in Switzerland: one survey was done five months before and one directly after the accident in Fukushima. We assessed acceptance, perceived risks, perceived benefits, and trust related to nuclear power stations. In our model, we assumed that both benefit and risk perceptions determine acceptance of nuclear power. We further hypothesized that trust influences benefit and risk perceptions and that trust before a disaster relates to trust after a disaster. Results showed that the acceptance and perceptions of nuclear power as well as its trust were more negative after the accident. In our model, perceived benefits and risks determined the acceptance of nuclear power stations both before and after Fukushima. Trust had strong effects on perceived benefits and risks, at both times. People's trust before Fukushima strongly influenced their trust after the accident. In addition, perceived benefits before Fukushima correlated with perceived benefits after the accident. Thus, the nuclear accident did not seem to have changed the relations between the determinants of acceptance. Even after a severe accident, the public may still consider the benefits as relevant, and trust remains important for determining their risk and benefit perceptions. A discussion of the benefits of nuclear power seems most likely to affect the public's acceptance of nuclear power, even after a nuclear accident.     

Energy Choices and Risk Beliefs: Is It Just Global Warming and Fear of a Nuclear Power Plant Accident?

A survey of 3,200 U.S. residents focused on two issues associated with the use of nuclear and coal fuels to produce electrical energy. The first was the association between risk beliefs and preferences for coal and nuclear energy. As expected, concern about nuclear power plant accidents led to decreased support for nuclear power, and those who believed that coal causes global warming preferred less coal use. Yet other risk beliefs about the coal and nuclear energy fuel cycles were stronger or equal correlates of public preferences. The second issue is the existence of what we call acknowledged risk takers, respondents who favored increased reliance on nuclear energy, although also noting that there could be a serious nuclear plant accident, and those who favored greater coal use, despite acknowledging a link to global warming. The pro‐nuclear group disproportionately was affluent educated white males, and the pro‐coal group was relatively poor less educated African‐American and Latino females. Yet both shared four similarities: older age, trust in management, belief that the energy facilities help the local economy, and individualistic personal values. These findings show that there is no single public with regard to energy preferences and risk beliefs. Rather, there are multiple populations with different viewpoints that surely would benefit by hearing a clear and comprehensive national energy life cycle policy from the national government.