美苏核对抗困境与20世纪60年代东西方关系

“相互依存”隐含着美苏双方在核对抗时代寻求生存的基本诉求。20世纪60年代,美苏双方从各自的全球战略利益出发,凭借着核威慑这个“万灵药方”,谨慎地维护各自的安全,使核威慑时代东西方关系缓和与对抗并存。①随着两大阵营内部矛盾的加深、发展中国家力量的兴起,美苏核对抗的成本逐渐加大,收益减少,国际影响不断减弱,多极化趋势日渐明显。由于世界格局的变化和美苏核力量对比的消长,促使美苏最终走出核对抗的困境。本文通过对制约美苏核对抗关系各种因素的分析,论述美苏核对抗困境与东西方关系的发展变化。     

中国高技术产业技术创新效率动态演进

基于2013—2017年中国28个省（区、市）高技术产业的面板数据,在以增强型罗素测量模型测度高技术产业技术创新效率的基础上,运用核密度估计和泰尔指数对效率进行系统分析。结果表明：中国高技术产业技术创新活动的综合效率处于较低水平;纯技术效率呈东、中、西和东北阶梯下降,规模效率呈东北、西、中和东阶梯下降;综合效率总体分布密度曲线随时间右移且右拖尾特征明显;区域内部效率差异是造成地区间效率差异的主要原因;纯技术效率和规模效率在统计上显著负相关;样本期间,高技术产业技术创新活动整体规模报酬不佳,每年处于规模报酬递减的地区数超过50%。基于分析结果,给出相应政策建议。     

日本地震对核电和国际油价的影响

2011年3月的日本地震引发了海啸,造成了福岛核电站爆炸并引发了核泄漏,核泄漏对日本以及周边地区人们的正常生产生活造成了极大损害。这次事故引起了国际社会重新审视核电的安全性。在核电行业没有解决安全性之前,大部分国家不再审批新的核电站建设项目,这些国家由此引发的能源需求缺口将由化石能源(煤炭、石油等)填补。但是,在节能减排的大背景下,石油的清洁性优于煤炭,因此,石油的需求将增加,石油的价格将上涨。另一方面,日本工业在地震中遭受重创,日本对石油的进口将减少。二者共同左右国际油价的走势。     

国际市场中铀的价格变化规律及对我国核电发展的启示

运用古典经济学供求关系基本理论框架,以铀产量和核电反应堆作为国际市场上铀供需双方的代表性指标,对铀的价格变动机制展开定量分析。研究发现铀并未受到其高放射性影响,在国际市场上表现出了与普通商品相同的价格规律,影响铀价格的供给因素主要是铀的产量,需求因素主要是正在运行的和在建的核电站反应堆的数量。同时,预计的铀需求因素对铀的价格影响显著而灵敏。根据实证研究的结论,提出我国核电发展应该提前关注影响铀价格变化的因素,建立国家铀资源储备,积极推动国际铀市场结构变化以及做好铀发展规划信息的保密工作等相关对策建议。     

从耗散结构理论中探讨改善我国核医学教育的对策

随着图像融合技术和放射性靶向药物的发展,近十年来我国核医学学科进入了快速成长阶段。然而,统计资料表明,核医学技术应用仍存在明显的不均衡性,这与核医学教育未能适应学科的发展有关。耗散结构理论对包括医学教育在内的高等教育研究具有重要的指导意义。因此,利用耗散结构理论分析当前核医学教育之不足,并依据其基本原则和方法,寻找改善对策,有助于构建新的、有序的核医学教育体系,从而进一步推动学科发展。     

The digital rainbow: Some history and applications of numerical spectrum analysis

Statistical concepts and techniques are basic to scientific investigation. One concept that enjoys both a theoretical and a physical existence is the spectrum. A spectrum may be described as a display of the intensity or variability of a phenomenon versus period or frequency. Spectra are particularly useful in the study of systems subject to resonance, but have many other uses. This paper begins with some of the historical development of the field, describing a sequence of contributions by Michelson, Schuster, Einstein, Fisher, Bartlett, Tukey, and Whittle. The paper next presents collaborative applications to the study of the free oscillations of the earth, to the dispersion of seismic surface waves and to nuclear-magnetic-resonance spectroscopy. Finally, there is mention of open problems and opinions on future directions.     

Risk Knowledge and Risk Attitudes Regarding Nuclear Energy Sources in Space

A series of four studies examined the relationship between how much people know about the risks of using nuclear energy sources in space and how they feel about the technology. We found that the more people know, the more favorable they are—except for two groups of people selected from organizations with strong pro-industry or pro-environment positions. These results suggest that a technology will get a more favorable hearing if it can get its message out—providing that it has a legitimate story to tell and that the situation has not become too polarized already. The limits to these conclusions are discussed.     

Bounding Estimates for Critical Events When Directly Disposing Highly Enriched Spent Nuclear Fuel in Unsaturated Tuff

This paper examines the possibility of criticality in a nuclear waste repository. The estimated probabilities are rough bounds and do not entirely dismiss the possibility of a critical condition; however, they do point to the difficulty of creating conditions under which a critical mass could be assembled (i.e., corrosion of containers, separation of neutron absorbers from the fissile material, and collapse or precipitation of the fissile material). In addition, should a criticality occur in or near a container, the bounding consequence calculations showed that fissions from one critical event are quite small (<˜10²⁰ fissions, if similar to aqueous and metal accidents and experiments). Furthermore, a reasonable upper bound of total critical events of 10²⁸ fissions corresponds to only 0.1% of the number of fissions represented by the spent nuclear fuel inventory in a repository containing 70,000 metric tons of heavy metal (MTHM) (the expected size for the proposed repository at Yucca Mountain, Nevada).     

The Vulnerability of the Nevada Visitor Economy to a Repository at Yucca Mountain

This article reviews the studies commissioned by the Nevada Nuclear Waste Project Office to estimate the economic impact of a high-level nuclear waste repository at Yucca Mountain. Case studies found that visitor impacts occur for some analogous facilities, but not for others. Assessments of behavioral intent indicate that at least some economic agents would avoid visiting Nevada under repository scenarios. A third set of studies tested the risk-aversion and negative-imagery models of visitor decision making; people avoid visiting places associated with either a significant health risk or negative imagery, but it has yet to be shown that a repository would induce these perceptions in nearby places. In sum, the NWPO-sponsored studies suggest the potential for visitor impacts, but do confirm that these effects will occur.     

核心强化词和非核心强化词

受语言学家Dixon核心动词/非核心动词假说的启示,把这一理念用到了副词强化词中,提出了核心强化词/非核心强化词的设想,通过对不同种类强化词的讨论,认为very和much两词强化程度适中,中性,搭配宽泛,常常用来释义其他强化词,因此,是两个核心强化词.其余是非核心强化词,又分为最高强化词、融义强化和其他强化词,对语言的丰富表达同样起着不可取代的作用.