朝鲜半岛核问题与新世纪中国外交

朝鲜半岛核问题是当前世界一个非常重要而复杂的问题.这个问题的解决在很大程度上体现着新世纪中国的外交思想、外交思维和外交走向.朝鲜半岛核问题的实质是大国关系,对此,可以从朝鲜半岛核问题的定位、相关现状、发展趋势及中国新世纪外交努力的方向等几个方面来进行分析.     

朝核问题与中国的战略选择

美朝双方在安全与战略利益以及目标诉求上存在的尖锐矛盾,最终使朝鲜走上了发展核武器之路.朝鲜拥有核武器不仅违背中国及周边大国对朝鲜半岛的基本原则,还为日本发展军事力量提供了借口,同时也为美国军事打击朝鲜创造了可能性.这对与朝鲜咫尺相邻的中国而言,国家安全利益受到严重威胁,因此中国坚决反对朝鲜拥有核武器,并投票赞成联合国安理会对朝鲜的有关决议,中朝关系开始出现一些微妙的变化.为和平解决朝核问题,中国始终积极推动六方会谈持续进行,承担起了国际社会所期望的负责任的大国重任.毋庸置疑,未来中朝两国还会继续保持和发展传统友谊.     

States and the nuclear power. An international perspective

This paper analyzes the evolution of public policies on nuclear energy from an international perspective highlighting an interesting sociological paradox: the opposition to nuclear power contributed to the development of the environmental movement; and at present, the promoters of this kind of energy are including environmental arguments in their discourses, the fear of climate change and the reduction of CO₂. Although the Kyoto Protocol does not accept this kind of energy as a clean development mechanism (CDM), its promotion is carried out on the basis of environment objectives, so that the nuclear lobby is obtaining more social acceptation thanks to the environmental discourse in the last four decades. For this research, the nuclear policies at an international level are analyzed inside a wider research about the nuclear debate financed by Encuentro Foundation (Spain).     

Assisting the Two‐person System: An Approach Based on the Bowen Theory

The Bowen theory, developed by Murray Bowen, views the family as a natural system of relationships. This paper reviews basic concepts of the Bowen theory and describes their role in guiding the clinical approach to the disturbed two‐person relationship.     

中国共产党核伦理观的演变

中国共产党的核伦理观经历了从重视核技术的政治价值.到重视核技术的经济价值,再到重视核技术的经济价值与生态价值三个发展时期.在各个不同的发展时期,中国共产党的核伦理思想始终坚持以马克思主义为指导;中国共产党核伦理思想的发展始终与国家发展战略思想的转变保持一致;中国共产党核伦理思想的发展始终在关于建设和谐社会与和谐世界的科学理念的探索中前进.     

An Expert Elicitation of the Proliferation Resistance of Using Small Modular Reactors (SMR) for the Expansion of Civilian Nuclear Systems

To facilitate the use of nuclear energy globally, small modular reactors (SMRs) may represent a viable alternative or complement to large reactor designs. One potential benefit is that SMRs could allow for more proliferation resistant designs, manufacturing arrangements, and fuel‐cycle practices at widespread deployment. However, there is limited work evaluating the proliferation resistance of SMRs, and existing proliferation assessment approaches are not well suited for these novel arrangements. Here, we conduct an expert elicitation of the relative proliferation resistance of scenarios for future nuclear energy deployment driven by Generation III+ light‐water reactors, fast reactors, or SMRs. Specifically, we construct the scenarios to investigate relevant technical and institutional features that are postulated to enhance the proliferation resistance of SMRs. The experts do not consistently judge the scenario with SMRs to have greater overall proliferation resistance than scenarios that rely on conventional nuclear energy generation options. Further, the experts disagreed on whether incorporating a long‐lifetime sealed core into an SMR design would strengthen or weaken proliferation resistance. However, regardless of the type of reactor, the experts judged that proliferation resistance would be enhanced by improving international safeguards and operating several multinational fuel‐cycle facilities rather than supporting many more national facilities.     

Nuclear Waste Management under Approaching Disaster: A Comparison of Decommissioning Strategies for the German Repository Asse II

This article compares different strategies for handling low‐ and medium‐level nuclear waste buried in a retired potassium mine in Germany (Asse II) that faces significant risk of uncontrollable brine intrusion and, hence, long‐term groundwater contamination. We survey the policy process that has resulted in the identification of three possible so‐called decommissioning options: complete backfilling, relocation of the waste to deeper levels in the mine, and retrieval. The selection of a decommissioning strategy must compare expected investment costs with expected social damage costs (economic, environmental, and health damage costs) caused by flooding and subsequent groundwater contamination. We apply a cost minimization approach that accounts for the uncertainty regarding the stability of the rock formation and the risk of an uncontrollable brine intrusion. Since economic and health impacts stretch out into the far future, we examine the impact of different discounting methods and rates. Due to parameter uncertainty, we conduct a sensitivity analysis concerning key assumptions. We find that retrieval, the currently preferred option by policymakers, has the lowest expected social damage costs for low discount rates. However, this advantage is overcompensated by higher expected investment costs. Considering all costs, backfilling is the best option for all discounting scenarios considered.     

Simplified Containment Event Tree Methodology Applied to Peach Bottom SBO-ST Sequences1

The methodology presented here identifies an approach to accurately and economically analyze the effects on risk of various containment performance issues. Although this method facilitates the evaluation of potential containment improvements, it does so while utilizing the significant amount of information accumulated by the U.S. NRC Reactor Risk Reference Program. The use of hindsight and the acceptance of point estimate quantifications of risks allows the proposed methodology to be scrutable and understandable to the community as well as relatively simple and inexpensive to apply. A study of containment venting strategies was used to demonstrate the capabilities of the simplified containment event tree methodology. However, the methodology is flexible enough for a wide range of risk evaluations.     

硬骨鱼类不同属间、亚科间的细胞核移植

为了进行生物工程应于鱼类遗传改良和培育新品种的研究，为了研究鱼类个体生长中核与质的相互作用。作者在草鱼、鳙鱼和青鱼、鲤鱼、团头鲂上进行了细胞核移植试验．获得了远缘的不同属间的草青核质杂种鱼幼鱼，以及不同亚科间的草鲤核质杂种鱼胚胎和鳙团核质杂种鱼．得率顺次为０．９％，１．６％和１．８％．研究结果表明，核质杂种鱼具有中等水平的核质杂交优势．其形态性状多与供核体鱼相似，有些与受核体鱼相似；还出现了中间类型和两条本都近似的性状．表明其性状有的受细胞质的影响，有的是核与质共同作用的结果．核移植方法是鱼类及其它动物育种的一项高技术．可广泛推广应用．     

对核技术发展的伦理思考

战争集中体现了不同阶级、集团利益冲突的尖锐化。核技术在战争中的运用加剧了人类战争的惨烈程度。道德的相对性和阶级性使核武器陷入道德的两难境地。从人类整体和整个生态系统的角度看,核武器是不道德的。和平利用是核技术发展的伦理要求。