技术风险的追问与反思——由日本核辐射引发的思考

日本的核辐射再次引发人们对技术风险的思考。技术风险源于技术本质,隐匿于技术之中。现代高技术因促逼自然而导致技术风险不可避免地伴随我们左右,而人为因素常常成为技术风险现实化进程中的主要诱因;日本核辐射的产生和扩散充分印证了这一观点。面对技术风险,人类须要重新审视和反思技术与人、自然以及社会之间的互动关系。着眼于系统整体来规避风险,复归伦理精神来化解风险,对于生活于技术时代的我们来说,有着重要的启示性意义。     

论1949-1950年美国合并英国核项目的计划及失败

战后初期,美英除1948年达成核原料合作的《临时协议》之外,两国之间的核交流并不充分。1949-1950年间,美国政府决定重新评估并调整对英核政策,试图将英国的核项目并入到美国的核项目之中,以藉此实现西方核力量的最优化,巩固其在西方世界的核独大地位。美国合并英国核项目的计划最终以失败而告终,这主要是由于美英迥异的核国家立场难以协调所致。此外,美国国会对行政部门的牵制也是重要原因。     

智利的能源法制建设

面对日益增长的能源需求,智利政府正积极地通过调整能源状况与电力构成以力促该国大量依靠进口的能源结构得以改善。智利的能源现实状况决定了发展核能是其较为理想的选择。在发展核能的同时,应该对智利的制度框架进行合理完善,对铀矿开采限制进行合宪性调整以及对核安全进行法律上的规范,从而建立起智利能源法体系。     

后福岛时代我国核电可持续发展的公众接受度实证研究

2011年日本福岛核事故引发了公众对核电发展的质疑,公众的“核态度”成为核电能否实现持续发展的关键影响因素。基于调查问卷的设计与发放,文章从核能发电、核电站运行、核电属性、核电项目等多个角度开展公众问卷调查,分析了我国公众对核电发展的认知程度和接受态度,提出科普宣传、专题报道、现场体验与利益补偿等相结合,以共同提升公众对核电的理解和接受度,进而推动我国核电事业的安全高效发展。     

关于积极培育企业核心竞争力的思考

培育和提高企业核心竞争力是企业在市场经济条件下发展壮大的客观要求 ,而核心竞争力的缺乏则是我国企业发展中面临的一个突出问题 ,因此 ,必须发现和积累企业自身的独特资源优势 ,实施企业核心竞争力战略 ,才能使我国企业更从容地应对外界的挑战。     

The Impact of Accident Attention,Ideology, and Environmentalism on American Attitudes Toward Nuclear Energy

This study involves the analysis of three waves of survey data about nuclear energy using a probability‐based online panel of respondents in the United States. Survey waves included an initial baseline survey conducted in early 2010, a follow‐up survey conducted in 2010 following the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico, and an additional follow‐up conducted just after the 2011 Fukushima, Japan, nuclear accident. The central goal is to assess the degree to which changes in public views following an accident are contingent on individual attention and respondent predispositions. Such results would provide real‐world evidence of motivated reasoning. The primary analysis focuses on the impact of Fukushima and how the impact of individual attention to energy issues is moderated by both environmental views and political ideology over time. The analysis uses both mean comparisons and multivariate statistics to test key relationships. Additional variables common in the study of emerging technologies are included in the analysis, including demographics, risk and benefit perceptions, and views about the fairness of decisionmakers in both government and the private sector.     

“What—Me Worry?”1“Why So Serious?”:2 A Personal View on the Fukushima Nuclear Reactor Accidents

Infrequently, it seems that a significant accident precursor or, worse, an actual accident, involving a commercial nuclear power reactor occurs to remind us of the need to reexamine the safety of this important electrical power technology from a risk perspective. Twenty‐five years since the major core damage accident at Chernobyl in the Ukraine, the Fukushima reactor complex in Japan experienced multiple core damages as a result of an earthquake‐induced tsunami beyond either the earthquake or tsunami design basis for the site. Although the tsunami itself killed tens of thousands of people and left the area devastated and virtually uninhabitable, much concern still arose from the potential radioactive releases from the damaged reactors, even though there was little population left in the area to be affected. As a lifelong probabilistic safety analyst in nuclear engineering, even I must admit to a recurrence of the doubt regarding nuclear power safety after Fukushima that I had experienced after Three Mile Island and Chernobyl. This article is my attempt to “recover” my personal perspective on acceptable risk by examining both the domestic and worldwide history of commercial nuclear power plant accidents and attempting to quantify the risk in terms of the frequency of core damage that one might glean from a review of operational history.     

Nuclear Power‐Related Facilities and Neighboring Land Price: A Case Study on the Mutsu‐Ogawara Region,Japan

From the perspective of risk, nuclear‐power‐related facilities (NPRFs) are often regarded as locally undesirable land use. However, construction of NPRFs contributes to social infrastructural improvement and job creation in the host communities. This raises a question: How large are these positive and negative effects? To approach this question from an economic viewpoint, we estimated the hedonic land price function for the Mutsu‐Ogawara region of Japan from 1976 to 2004 and analyzed year‐by‐year fluctuations in land prices around the NPRFs located there. Land prices increased gradually in the neighborhood of the nuclear fuel cycle facilities (NFCFs) in Rokkasho Village, except for some falling (i) from 1982 to 1983 (the first official announcement of the project of construction came in 1983), (ii) from 1987 to 1988 (in 1988, the construction began and opposition movements against the project reached their peak), and (iii) from 1998 to 1999 (the pilot carry‐in of spent fuels into the reprocessing plant began in 1998). Land prices around the Higashidori Nuclear Power Plant decreased during the period 1981–1982, when the Tohoku Electric Power Corp. and Tokyo Electric Power Corp. announced their joint construction plan. On the other hand, we obtained some results, even though not significant, indicating that land prices around Ohminato and Sekinehama harbors changed with the arrival and departure of the nuclear ship Mutsu, which suffered a radiation leak in 1974.     

从国际法角度探析日本排放核废液入海问题

日本2011年4月以来的排放核废液的行为,引起国际社会的广泛关注。该行为既违反了＂对整个国际社会承担的义务＂,也违反了日本依据《联合国海洋法公约》、《伦敦倾废公约》和《及时通报核事故公约》所应承担的义务。同时,因其并不符合《伦敦倾废公约》所规定的免责条件,日本政府也无权援引《伦敦倾废公约》的例外条款为自己开脱责任。