核电厂调试人因事件分析

调试是核电厂建设过程中由建造安装过渡到运行必不可少的重要阶段,调试阶段存在工期紧、大量交叉作业、团队协作活动多、未知风险多等特点,导致人因事件频发。文章基于WANO根本原因及原因因子分类框架,采用屏障分析技术,对我国某核电企业2009-2018年共155份调试人因事件报告中事件失效屏障及其根本原因进行统计分析,结果显示:工作实践、规程制度与文件、人员本身因素、培训授权、监督方法、语言交流是主要的失效屏障;规程没有得到使用、规程不完善、技能不足、岗位培训和岗位经验不足、进程没有得到充分监督、班组间交流不充分等是根本原因。     

数字化主控室界面管理任务对操纵员的影响研究

数字化主控室主要包含两大认知任务：直接监控系统运行的任务（第一类任务）和界面管理任务。界面管理任务与第一类任务争夺认知资源,导致操纵员执行效率降低。为了减少操纵员的失误,文章在分析两者关系的基础上详细阐述了界面管理任务对操纵员的影响以及可能引发的失误。针对这些影响和失误,从认知心理学角度提出改善措施,从而为核电站安全提供一定的建议。     

低碳经济下的湖南核电产业发展研究

在当前低碳经济背景下,核能作为高效、清洁、安全的能源,在缓解电力供应、优化电力布局、调整能源结构、改善环境方面发挥着重要作用。文章首先讨论湖南发展核电的必要性与迫切性;其次从工程造价、发电成本、运行后产生的回报等对核电的经济性予以分析;再次阐述了湖南主要核电项目;第四分析湖南核电产业发展滞后的原因;最后提出了湖南核电产业发展的对策。     

核电厂主控室组织安全管理绩效评价

文章对核电厂主控室组织安全管理绩效进行了评价。首先采用文献研究法,设计调查问卷,计算出指标相对重要度,建立组织安全管理绩效指标评价体系。其次,为避免主观性的影响,将层次分析法与熵权法结合,得到主控室组织安全管理绩效评价体系各指标的权重,进而建立综合评价方法。最后,结合模拟数据利用综合评价方法实现对不同组织安全管理绩效的评价。结果表明,所得组织安全管理绩效评价体系较为全面,该评价方法能够实现对核电厂主控室组织安全管理绩效更为客观有效的评价。     

核安全监管现代化的生态重赋

核安全监管是生态文明建设的重要议题。生态文明建设面临的能源生态问题、经济生态问题、社会生态问题对核安全监管提出了新挑战。只有将现代生态理念植根于核安全监管现代化全过程,进一步优化核安全监管组织架构、法律体系、技术措施和公众沟通机制,才能有效解决生态文明建设面临的系列问题,推动高质量高水平的生态文明建设。     

俄罗斯核污染对北极生态环境的影响

东西方冷战时期,前苏联拥有世界上最庞大的核潜艇部队。然而,随着冷战的结束、前苏联的解体以及时间的推移,这些核潜艇绝大多数退出现役。由于缺乏燃料装填和存储设备（包括服务的船舶、转移基地、基地存储）及维修不善,加之目前俄罗斯经济萧条、军费拮据,退役核潜艇的＂善后处理＂问题成了俄罗斯军方甚感头痛的＂一大难题＂。核潜艇退役和事故成为北冰洋核废料的重要来源,并对北冰洋的生态环境构成了严重威胁。目前,俄罗斯对大量退役核舰艇的拆解和处理工作不仅需要资金和技术支持,还需要加强国家间的合作与交流。     

朝核危机视阈中的“停战体制”:流变与困境

冷战结束后,朝鲜半岛局势的动荡不安和核危机久拖不决表明,1953年建立的停战机制已经难以适应局势发展的需要,而在东北亚地区构筑新的安全保障机制已成为大势所趋。六方会谈的各参与方在高度重视朝核危机和自身国家利益的同时,都应以客观和现实的态度看待朝鲜的生存关切,尽量规避狭隘的传统地缘政治观念与零和游戏的机械思维,努力从根本上促使朝鲜半岛停战体制的转化与和平机制的理性塑立,这不仅有利于朝核及其连带问题的解决,而且有利于在本地区实现多赢的格局。     

Who Would Be Willing to Accept Disaster Debris in Their Backyard? Investigating the Determinants of Public Attitudes in Post‐Fukushima Japan

In the wake of the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and tsunami, the Ministry of Environment in Japan asked municipalities nationwide to accept and treat disaster waste. This call for cross‐jurisdictional waste treatment provoked considerable public controversy. To explore how the national and municipal governments can seek more public acceptance in the wake of future disasters, this study implemented a nationwide survey and addressed the question of what factors influence the public's willingness to support their municipalities’ plans to host disaster waste. Three strands of the literature—on risk perception, public dissent, and prosocial behavior—offer valuable insights into hypothesis building, although none has addressed the above question. Estimates from an ordered logistic regression (N = 1,063) reveal that the conditions of a nuclear accident and living with a small child in the household would lower the level of support for accepting disaster waste, although this does not mean that people would give their support in the absence of a nuclear accident. The results also suggest that the national and municipal governments should communicate more with the public about the risks, benefits, and costs associated with hosting disaster debris, and make efforts to improve public trust in the national government.     

Information Sources as Explanatory Variables for the Belgian Health‐Related Risk Perception of the Fukushima Nuclear Accident

The media play an important role in risk communication, providing information about accidents, both nearby and far away. Each media source has its own presentation style, which could influence how the audience perceives the presented risk. This study investigates the explanatory power of 12 information sources (traditional media, new media, social media, and interpersonal communication) for the perceived risk posed by radiation released from the damaged Fukushima nuclear power plant on respondents’ own health and that of the population in general. The analysis controlled for attitude toward nuclear energy, gender, education, satisfaction with the media coverage, and duration of attention paid to the coverage. The study uses a large empirical data set from a public opinion survey, which is representative for the Belgian population with respect to six sociodemographic variables. Results show that three information sources are significant regressors of perceived health‐related risk of the nuclear accident: television, interpersonal communication, and the category of miscellaneous online sources. More favorable attitudes toward nuclear power, longer attention to the coverage, and higher satisfaction with the provided information lead to lower risk perception. Taken together, the results suggest that the media can indeed have a modest influence on how the audience perceives a risk.     

Public Response to a Near‐Miss Nuclear Accident Scenario Varying in Causal Attributions and Outcome Uncertainty

Many studies have investigated public reactions to nuclear accidents. However, few studies focused on more common events when a serious accident could have happened but did not. This study evaluated public response (emotional, cognitive, and behavioral) over three phases of a near‐miss nuclear accident. Simulating a loss‐of‐coolant accident (LOCA) scenario, we manipulated (1) attribution for the initial cause of the incident (software failure vs. cyber terrorist attack vs. earthquake), (2) attribution for halting the incident (fail‐safe system design vs. an intervention by an individual expert vs. a chance coincidence), and (3) level of uncertainty (certain vs. uncertain) about risk of a future radiation leak after the LOCA is halted. A total of 773 respondents were sampled using a 3 × 3 × 2 between‐subjects design. Results from both MANCOVA and structural equation modeling (SEM) indicate that respondents experienced more negative affect, perceived more risk, and expressed more avoidance behavioral intention when the near‐miss event was initiated by an external attributed source (e.g., earthquake) compared to an internally attributed source (e.g., software failure). Similarly, respondents also indicated greater negative affect, perceived risk, and avoidance behavioral intentions when the future impact of the near‐miss incident on people and the environment remained uncertain. Results from SEM analyses also suggested that negative affect predicted risk perception, and both predicted avoidance behavior. Affect, risk perception, and avoidance behavior demonstrated high stability (i.e., reliability) from one phase to the next.