核电企业社会责任测量维度初探

企业社会责任的履行状况是衡量企业管理水平和社会效益的重要标志。核电作为一种特殊行业,为人们所关注。日本福岛核事故以来,人们对核电发展一直持保守态度,其主要原因在于对核电的安全性存在担忧,同时对核电企业社会责任的履行状况了解不足。文章从利益相关者理论出发,对核电企业的社会责任进行了界定,将核电企业社会责任主体分为政府、股东、员工、环境和社区5个维度,并细化为17个具体的测量指标,最后通过调查问卷进行验证,分析结果表明上述测量指标能准确测度出核电企业社会责任的主要内容。     

核电厂数字化主控室班组布局协作行为方式可靠度模拟研究

核电厂主控室运行过程一般由4-10人共同完成,显然,团队成员必须紧密合作才能完成任务,该研究就是用来测试班组布局协作方式的效果。文章描述了班组布局四种协作行为方式,每种类别的协作行为方式分为两种情况。实验过程设计了特定的语境、影响因子及蒸汽传热管断裂事故一回路的协作点,通过模拟实验获得了每种协作方式的协作时间和失误率,更好的协作方式及每种协作方式的性能。     

How a Nuclear Power Plant Accident Influences Acceptance of Nuclear Power: Results of a Longitudinal Study Before and After the Fukushima Disaster

Major nuclear accidents, such as the recent accident in Fukushima, Japan, have been shown to decrease the public's acceptance of nuclear power. However, little is known about how a serious accident affects people's acceptance of nuclear power and the determinants of acceptance. We conducted a longitudinal study (N= 790) in Switzerland: one survey was done five months before and one directly after the accident in Fukushima. We assessed acceptance, perceived risks, perceived benefits, and trust related to nuclear power stations. In our model, we assumed that both benefit and risk perceptions determine acceptance of nuclear power. We further hypothesized that trust influences benefit and risk perceptions and that trust before a disaster relates to trust after a disaster. Results showed that the acceptance and perceptions of nuclear power as well as its trust were more negative after the accident. In our model, perceived benefits and risks determined the acceptance of nuclear power stations both before and after Fukushima. Trust had strong effects on perceived benefits and risks, at both times. People's trust before Fukushima strongly influenced their trust after the accident. In addition, perceived benefits before Fukushima correlated with perceived benefits after the accident. Thus, the nuclear accident did not seem to have changed the relations between the determinants of acceptance. Even after a severe accident, the public may still consider the benefits as relevant, and trust remains important for determining their risk and benefit perceptions. A discussion of the benefits of nuclear power seems most likely to affect the public's acceptance of nuclear power, even after a nuclear accident.     

Energy Choices and Risk Beliefs: Is It Just Global Warming and Fear of a Nuclear Power Plant Accident?

A survey of 3,200 U.S. residents focused on two issues associated with the use of nuclear and coal fuels to produce electrical energy. The first was the association between risk beliefs and preferences for coal and nuclear energy. As expected, concern about nuclear power plant accidents led to decreased support for nuclear power, and those who believed that coal causes global warming preferred less coal use. Yet other risk beliefs about the coal and nuclear energy fuel cycles were stronger or equal correlates of public preferences. The second issue is the existence of what we call acknowledged risk takers, respondents who favored increased reliance on nuclear energy, although also noting that there could be a serious nuclear plant accident, and those who favored greater coal use, despite acknowledging a link to global warming. The pro‐nuclear group disproportionately was affluent educated white males, and the pro‐coal group was relatively poor less educated African‐American and Latino females. Yet both shared four similarities: older age, trust in management, belief that the energy facilities help the local economy, and individualistic personal values. These findings show that there is no single public with regard to energy preferences and risk beliefs. Rather, there are multiple populations with different viewpoints that surely would benefit by hearing a clear and comprehensive national energy life cycle policy from the national government.     

企业防范核事故风险的法律责任分析——以日本“福岛核事故”为视角

核能的开发利用在给人类带来巨大利益的同时也伴随着各种潜在的风险。对于核能产生的各种风险,政府、企业、国际组织和公众都有防范的责任。从福岛核事故的发生和发展情况来看,核企业在预防和应对核能风险方面负有不可推卸的责任。对企业防范核事故风险责任的适用原则和构成进行规范是我们尽量避免和减少核事故风险发生的有效手段。     

Living with Nuclear Power: A Q-Method Study of Local Community Perceptions

The issue of new nuclear power is once again high up on the public policy agenda in many countries, and candidate sites for new civilian stations are likely to include those that have existing nuclear facilities. A common assumption is that existing nuclear communities will be more accepting of new build because of the direct economic and other benefits nuclear power already makes to a local area. Surprisingly, there is a dearth of contemporary data on perceptions of the risks, benefits, and values associated with nuclear power within such communities. This study uses Q-methodology to investigate the perspectives on living with nuclear risk among people ( n  = 84) drawn from communities near to two nuclear power stations in the United Kingdom. Both stations, at Bradwell-on-Sea and Oldbury-on-Severn, had been in operation for over 40 years. The Q-analysis identified four main perspectives, or points of view, accounting for 53% of total variance. These were interpreted as: Beneficial and Safe; Threat and Distrust; Reluctant Acceptance; and There's No Point Worrying. We conclude that the "landscape of beliefs" about nuclear power in such communities is both subtle and complex, avoiding simplistic bipolar dichotomies such as "for" or "against," and that there is a need for extensive and meaningful dialogue with such communities over any new build plans. The usefulness of Q-methodology for investigating the ways in which people live with risk is highlighted, as are the implications of the results for theories of risk and trust.     

核磁共振研究低渗透储层孔隙结构方法

核磁共振T2分布和压汞毛管压力分析数据均在一定程度上反映了岩石的孔隙结构，理论分析表明，这两组数据具有相关性。通过对大庆外围油田10块低渗透岩样核磁共振T2分布和压汞毛管压力曲线的分析研究，提出同时考虑非线性和压汞进汞饱和度不足100%进行拟合的方法，将T2分布转化为孔隙分布，并且得到转化系数的经验公式。分析了两种方法的差异性，研究结果表明，此方法能明显提高毛管压力曲线的构造精度，并且经该方法转化后的岩芯中值半径和分选系数与压汞结果非常接近，证明了该方法的可靠性。为核磁共振T2分布研究孔隙结构提供了可靠的理论和方法支持。     

试论伊朗核问题对阿拉伯国家的辐射效应

2006年末,正当伊朗坚持推进其核计划时,海湾及北非部分阿拉伯国家也先后提出了自己的核研制计划,引起了国际社会的普遍关注。后冷战时代,新一轮核竞赛出现向欧美以外的其他热点地区转移的倾向:从朝鲜半岛到南亚次大陆再到中东地区,上述三个地区沿欧亚大陆的边缘形成一条弧线,使《核不扩散条约》受到巨大挑战。阿拉伯国家的核计划与核设想有着深刻的国际和地区关联性,但计划的实现也会面临诸多因素的制约,包括经济能力不足、技术水平低下、国内民众反对和大国的劝阻。阿拉伯国家谋求核技术旨在显示一种姿态,希望国际社会能因此向伊朗施加更多的压力。     

两次台海危机时期美国对华核态度初探（1954-1958年）

20世纪50年代发生了两次台海危机,也就在这个时期,美国第二次和第三次公开宣布对华使用核武器。通过对两次台海危机中美国对华核态度的探讨,指出制止中美核危机爆发的途径。     

Bridging the Gap between Social Acceptance and Ethical Acceptability

New technology brings great benefits, but it can also create new and significant risks. When evaluating those risks in policymaking, there is a tendency to focus on social acceptance. By solely focusing on social acceptance, we could, however, overlook important ethical aspects of technological risk, particularly when we evaluate technologies with transnational and intergenerational risks. I argue that good governance of risky technology requires analyzing both social acceptance and ethical acceptability. Conceptually, these two notions are mostly complementary. Social acceptance studies are not capable of sufficiently capturing all the morally relevant features of risky technologies; ethical analyses do not typically include stakeholders’ opinions, and they therefore lack the relevant empirical input for a thorough ethical evaluation. Only when carried out in conjunction are these two types of analysis relevant to national and international governance of risky technology. I discuss the Rawlsian wide reflective equilibrium as a method for marrying social acceptance and ethical acceptability. Although the rationale of my argument is broadly applicable, I will examine the case of multinational nuclear waste repositories in particular. This example will show how ethical issues may be overlooked if we focus only on social acceptance, and will provide a test case for demonstrating how the wide reflective equilibrium can help to bridge the proverbial acceptance‐acceptability gap.