The Role of Cancer Risk in the Regulation of Industrial Pollution

The extent of carcinogen regulation under existing U.S. environmental statutes is assessed by developing measures of the scope and stringency of regulation. While concern about cancer risk has played an important political role in obtaining support for pollution control programs, it has not provided the predominant rationale for most regulatory actions taken to date. Less than 20% of all standards established to limit concentrations of chemicals in various media address carcinogens. Restrictions on chemical use are more frequently based on concerns about noncancer human health or ecological effects. Of the chemicals in commercial use which have been identified as potential human carcinogens on the basis of rodent bioassays, only a small proportion are regulated. There is an inverse relationship between the scope of regulatory coverage and the stringency of regulatory requirements: the largest percentages of identified carcinogens are affected by the least stringent requirements, such as information disclosure. Standards based on de minimis cancer risk levels have been established for only 10% of identified carcinogens and are restricted to one medium: water. Complete bans on use have affected very few chemicals. The general role that carcinogenicity now plays in the regulatory process is not dramatically different from that of other adverse human health effects: if a substance is identified as a hazard, it may eventually be subject to economically achievable and technically feasible restrictions.     

Relationship Dissolution as a Life Stage Transition: Effects on Sexual Attitudes and Behaviors

In this paper, with the use of linear regressions to investigate how relationship dissolution affects sexual attitudes and behaviors, the authors address the stereotype that newly single people seek multiple sexual partners. Although the newly single people surveyed did obtain new sexual partners, the rate at which they acquired new partners did not support the stereotype. Specifically, men with custody of their children seemed oriented toward finding a steady partner. Additionally, men and women with low incomes reported relatively high rates of partner acquisition after relationship dissolution. The high rates reported by disadvantaged groups may be more directly related to familial instability accompanying poverty than to cultural characteristics associated with income or race. We argue that a life stage model with categorical stages in a rigid, anachronistic progression provides insufficient means to gain an understanding of newly single people.     

美国大学本科教育研究

本文分析了几所著名的美国大学本科教学的课程体系及教学计划 ,总结了其基本共性 ,同时分析了各大学的教学特色。通过对各大学电子工程类专业的教学计划进行剖析 ,给出了公共基础、专业基础、专业核心、专业选修课规定的课程及学分 ,并与我国的大学本科教学计划进行比较 ,提出了我国大学本科教育应改进的几个方面。     

重新评价马克·吐温的代表作——《汤姆·索耶历险记》和《哈克贝里·费恩历险记》(英文)

马克·吐温,这位在美国文学史上开一代创作先河的小说家,为后人留下了20多篇不朽佳作.其中,令人惊讶的是:在他全部作品中,两部描写少年历险故事的著作——《汤姆·索耶历险记》和《哈克贝里·费恩历险记》,始终处于最突出的位置,并一直被中外学者公推为其代表作.于是我们不得不深思这样一个问题,作为美国文坛杰出代表人物之一的马克·吐温为什么选择了儿童的角色,而又把他们塑造很空前成功?纵观文学界对马克·吐温作品及其人物形象的有关研究成果和论述,似乎都不能够圆满地答复这个问题.     

A regression-based smoothing spline Monte Carlo algorithm for pricing American options in discrete time

American options in discrete time can be priced by solving optimal stopping problems. This can be done by computing so-called continuation values, which we represent as regression functions defined recursively by using the continuation values of the next time step. We use Monte Carlo to generate data, and then we apply smoothing spline regression estimates to estimate the continuation values from these data. All parameters of the estimate are chosen data dependent. We present results concerning consistency and the estimates’ rate of convergence.     

从尤瑟夫·海勒的“黑色幽默”文学透析美国社会

海勒的《第二十二条军规》运用讽刺暴露等手法，无情地揭露和鞭挞了战争的荒谬和不道德以及美国社会的黑暗和罪恶。     

The status of women among the scheduled tribes in India

The scheduled tribes constitute about 8.2% of the total population in India. Although there is a large volume of anthropological literature describing the characteristics of and differences among the various tribes in India, little inter-disciplinary research has been done to uncover the status of women among the tribal population in India. This paper will analyze the status of women among the scheduled tribes in India. Frequent comparisons will be made to the social and cultural practices of the scheduled tribes, mainstream Hindus, as well as the scheduled caste population. Through this analysis, we will show the distinctiveness of the tribal cultures and the fact that many women from the scheduled tribes face less discrimination than Hindu women and those from scheduled castes.     

从美国进步主义运动的领导主体看运动的特性

学术界在认识美国进步主义运动的性质方面迄今尚有分歧，存在着“旧中产阶级争夺权势说”、“企业主利益冲突说”、“城市新中产阶级价值观改造说”和“中产阶级文化重建说”等多种观点。然而对这一运动的中坚力量与领导成分的考察则表明，知识分子在运动的领导主体中，占据了相当大的比例，并发挥了先锋骨干作用。从这一角度来看，美国进步主义运动可以被界定为是一次由知识分子倡导的社会改革运动。     

试析美国高等教育中的学分制及其借鉴意义

学分制是美国高等教育系统中普遍使用的衡量高校学术工作的行之有效的手段。本文对学分制在美国高等教育体制中产生的历史、发展过程及应用的范围进行了分析、探讨, 并给予了客观的评价, 最后指出了它对于中国高等教育学术管理体制的借鉴意义, 并提出了几点个人的建议。