Extended household transitions, race/ethnicity, and early childhood cognitive outcomes

Beyond mothers’ union status transitions, other adults’ transitions into and out of the household contribute to family instability, particularly in early childhood. Using the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Birth Cohort (N ≅ 8550), this study examines associations between extended household transitions and age 2 cognitive development. A substantial minority of toddlers experiences these transitions, and their consequences vary by household member type, entry versus exit, and race/ethnicity. Extended household transitions predict lower cognitive scores for white children, but the selection of low-socioeconomic status families into extended households explains these disparities. Grandparent transitions predict significantly higher cognitive scores for African American and Latino children than whites, and some “other adult” transitions predict higher scores for Latinos than African Americans and whites. Extended household transitions’ consequences are independent of co-occurring residential moves and partner transitions. Findings suggest that studying extended household transitions is useful for understanding children’s early development, and their consequences vary by race/ethnicity.     

Change in Covert Social Movement Networks: The ‘Inner Circle’ of the Provisional Irish Republican Army

In this paper, we contribute to both the growing body of literature on social movement networks and the growing body of literature on change in networks by exploring patterns and mechanisms of change within the network of the ‘inner circle’ of the Provisional Irish Republican Army. Specifically, we focus upon the period between 1969 (when it formed) and 1988 (the last point for which we have been able to gather good data). Our primary aims are substantive. We want to know how this network changed over time. In addition, however, our analysis identifies changes which other analysts might look for in their networks and offers methodological suggestions for those who, like us, find that their networks do not meet the assumptions of mainstream approaches to modelling network dynamics. There is a further dimension to the paper, however. We are studying a covert social movement network. This is a special type of movement network whose organisation and dynamics are predicted to vary from other movement networks. Some have suggested that they are inclined to be relatively static because the need for trust within them is so great and the risk to whatever they hold secret so considerable when new ties are formed that their members tend only to recruit within the pool of their pre-existing ties and actively seek to minimise recruitment and the formation of new ties. One of the aims of our paper was to determine whether and to what extent this is so.     

老年人消费状况及其性别差异——以浙江省为例

在浙江省,无论城乡,老年人的消费状况均存在着显著的性别差异.表现在:女性老年人的月消费总支出低于男性;“饮食/食品”和“居住(房屋水电)”等最基本的生活消费支出比例往往高于男性;医疗月均费用少于男性,而医疗费占总消费支出的比例却高于男性;有人情往来的比例比男性略高,而支出均值却比男性低;对子女经济支持的均值低于男性、承受力弱于男性;低消费人群的比例显著大于男性,而中、高消费人群的比例却明显低于男性;对月最低生活费的评价均值低于男性;持较低评价值的比例多于男性,持较高评价值的比例少于男性;在经济上更感到拮据和困难等等.这些情况均表明:浙江省女性老年人的消费水平显著低于男性老年人.同时,由恩格尔系数反映出,女性老年人的生活水平也不如男性老年人.这就再次说明了:改善女性老年人的生活状况应该“成为政策行动的一个优先领域”.     

《红楼梦》悲剧精神的休闲学意义

本文首次尝试从休闲研究的视角探索《红楼梦》的悲剧精神。悲剧精神与休闲学具有一致的终极指向与核心价值,是进行这种探索的理论依据。文章阐述了《红楼梦》悲剧精神的三方面基本内容,初步揭示了它们所蕴涵的休闲学意义:个体休闲的实现必然受到各种条件的制约;不同个体之间的差异性导致的休闲实现之差异,表明休闲具有深刻的人文性;与一定的经济文化和社会阶层相适应的休闲方式,既具有变化的时代性,也具其审美的永恒性。从休闲学视角解读《红楼梦》的悲剧精神,能使我们更具体了解这种悲剧精神所体现的对人自身、人的幸福、命运的思考,认识这种思考所达到的广度和深度;同时,又能使我们更深刻地认识以人的自由为指向的休闲生活对于人类生活、幸福、命运的意义。     

美国华裔作家成长经历的文化冲突与身份认同

美国华裔作家从到达美国的第一天起就在种族和经济的双重压迫下开始思索自身归属的身份认同问题.一方面他们在美国主流文化面前受到排挤,感受屈辱与自卑,但他们在弱势群体里竭尽所能保留自己的声音与尊严,与主流文化发生文化冲突,抗衡美国种族歧视与文化误解;另一方面他们试图接受美国社会观念,开始审视中国传统文化,融合美国文化,追求生活的多元与变化,企盼稳定,向往灵魂的居所和精神的家园.美国华裔作家成长经历的文化冲突与身份认同实质是走向文化强国的中国和美国文化碰撞与融合的缩影.研究美国华裔作家的成长经历,对思考中国文化强国具有一定的现实意义.     

荒诞后的现实和社会批评——试析巴塞尔姆的《玻璃山》

巴塞尔姆在文本中突出混乱和人类存在的荒诞,他拒绝承认生活的意义,作品中弥漫着悲观主义氛围.《玻璃山》便是一个典型作品,它淋漓尽致展示了作者关于在美国的后现代社会中的后现代美国人的后现代主义观点.     

美国警方使用面部识别技术与公民隐私保护问题

警方使用面部识别技术抓拍行人的面部特征,然后进行数据库比对的行为,是否侵犯公民享有的美国宪法第四修正案的隐私权呢？对此,美国学界有两种观点：侵犯隐私和不侵犯隐私。不侵犯隐私的主要理由是“公开场所无隐私”;侵犯隐私的主要理由是该技术捕获到了公民的面部详细信息,面部追踪技术锁定个人的位置信息,以及经过数据库比对后披露的更为详尽的个人信息。在我国,也有国家执法机关使用该技术进行监控的案例,以及企业为了安全而使用面部识别技术的行为。为了保护公民的隐私,我们可以借鉴美国的相关判例和学说,对以上使用面部识别技术的行为加以规制。     

Perceptions of Physical Sexual Health Among Young Men Who Have Sex with Men with a Previous History of Childhood Sexual Abuse

Childhood sexual abuse (CSA) has been reported to be disproportionately higher among young men who have sex with men (YMSM) than among heterosexual men. Most research and public health programs among YMSM CSA survivors have been mainly infectious disease-based, and research on the physical sexual health among this group is limited. This study sought to further understand components of physical sexual health among YMSM with CSA histories. Sixteen participants were recruited, and through a phenomenological approach, semi-structured interviews were conducted. Four themes were found, participants (1) reported a one-dimensional definition of sexual health; (2) had limitations in health insurance hindering preventative care; (3) described reoccurring anal pain during sexual intercourse; and (4) conveyed a positive perception of sexual satisfaction. These findings indicate a need for healthcare providers, health educators, and researchers to increase awareness about the comprehensive needs of YMSM with CSA histories.     

The Characteristics of Child Sexual Abuse in the School Environment in Turkey

School may represent a protective factor, boosting the mental health of the student body, while also representing a risk factor that heightens the potential for mental health problems. The present study aims to identify the individual and familial characteristics associated with the incidents of child sexual abuse (CSA) in Turkey’s school environment. The incidents involving school-related CSA constituted 5.6% (N = 125) of 2,238 cases. The following was discovered: an adult committed the majority (64%) of CSA in the school environment; most adult perpetrators were teachers (62.5%). This study determined that the perpetrators manipulated the victims via methods that included physical abuse (11.2%), threats (19.2%), tricks/deception (15.2%), and taking photographs/videos with sexual content (3.2%); and CSA incidents involved intercourse (15.2%); and almost three-quarter of the victims of CSA in the school environment reported the incident late. This study indicates that peer perpetrators abuse younger victims and a greater proportion of male victims relative to adult perpetrators. In light of these findings, school security must be improved, especially in public schools, and trainings aimed at preventing bullying and sexual abuse (SA) should be given to all school staff, students, and parents.     

Enclosure,writing, and resistance: revisiting the prose of Daniil Kharms

The author argues that discipline – operating through the distribution of individuals by means of enclosure and surveillance – is crucial to understanding Daniil Kharms’s prose of the 1930s. The author focuses on three of his mini-stories, first looking at mechanisms of surveillance in “Dream,” examining their effects upon the psyche that have material impacts on the body of the individual. Then he turns to a trajectory of enclosure that operates from the urban commons (“Trial by Lynching”) to the home (“An Unexpected Drinking Party”). The centripetal trajectory of enclosure ends in all cases at the body as the endpoint of discipline and, ultimately, the site of Kharms’s “grotesque resistance,” challenging the enclosure of the body from the point of its confinement. He also looks to how paper – as theme in and medium of Kharms’s work – operates within these spatial dynamics. He draws upon Harold Innis, who associated the rise of print in the United States with the “space bias” of communication. Reading Foucault and Innis together, Kharms’s short prose works can be understood as a contestation of the space bias of print media in the Stalinist era, prompting Kharms’s retreat to the contours of the body as a site of struggle.