A cost-benefit analysis of a smoking cessation program

Smoking cessation programs are usually evaluated in terms of the percentage of participants who have stopped smoking at least 6 months after the program's completion. This paper shows how a relatively low rate of behavior change may actually result in a high ratio of benefits to costs. Cost-benefit analysis is done for a specific program but the procedures and cost estimates are generalizable to other smoking cessation programs. Benefits to the firm included reduced costs of insurance and the savings due to employee absenteeism and disability. Costs included the program costs as well as the opportunity costs of the participants. Data from the literature and from the specific program are combined to form conclusions about the effectiveness of the program.     

论EJB—J2EE的组件架构

J2EE(Java2平台企业版)架构是一种灵活的多层结构,J2EE架构的设计主要是针对分布式事务、安全处理的企业级应用,EJB就是在J2EE体系结构中的Enterprise Javabeans部分,是生成业务逻辑应用程序的主要分布式组件模型.J2EE的基石就是EJB,EJB是建立基于Java的服务器端组件的标准,它定义了如何编写服务器端组件,提供了组件与管理组件的应用服务器之间的标准约定,EjB是一种组件架构,使得开发人员能够快速开发出可扩展的企业级应用程序.     

用Struts实现MVC结构

简要介绍了Struts的概念及其构成，在此基础上用实例阐述了如何用Struts实现MVC结构．     

Job Creation and Destruction over the Business Cycles and the Impact on Individual Job Flows in Denmark 1980-2001*

Summary: Job creation and destruction should be considered as key success or failure criteria of the economic policy. Job creation and destruction are both effects of economic policy, the degree of out- and in-sourcing, and the ability to create new ideas that can be transformed into jobs. Job creation and destruction are results of businesses attempting to maximize their economic outcome. One of the costs of this process is that employees have to move from destroyed jobs to created jobs. The development of this process probably depends on labor protection laws, habits, the educational system, and the whole UI-system. A flexible labor market ensures that scarce labor resources are used where they are most in demand. Thus, labor turnover is an essential factor in a well-functioning economy. This paper uses employer-employee data from the Danish registers of persons and workplaces to show where jobs have been destroyed and where they have been created over the last couple of business cycles. Jobs are in general destroyed and created simultaneously within each industry, but at the same time a major restructuring has taken place, so that jobs have been lost in Textile and Clothing, Manufacturing and the other “old industries”, while jobs have been created in Trade and Service industries. Out-sourcing has been one of the causes. This restructuring has caused a tremendous pressure on workers and their ability to find employment in expanding sectors. The paper shows how this has been accomplished. Especially, the paper shows what has happened to employees involved. Have they become unemployed, employed in the welfare sector or where? * First draft of this paper was presented at Deutsche Statistische Woche, Frankfurt, September 2004. Thanks to two referees for instructive comments. Financial support from The Danish Social Science Research Council through CCP is acknowledged.     

A Note on the Kuks-Olman Estimator

In the linear regression model the unknown parameter vector θ is supposed to vary in a known ellipsoid. Under this parameter constraint Kuks and Olman derived an estimator by demanding a minimax property. Since sometimes the Kuks-Olman estimator takes values outside of the ellipsoid a modification is proposed in the paper. It is shown that this modified variant is a least squares estimator in the restricted model.     

Generalized Linear Models with a Small Scale Parameter

We propose a study of asymptotic properties in an extension of the Nelder-Wedderburn generalized linear models (GLM) and we apply the results to a model choice in Mandel's models of analysis of variance (ANOVA). This study concerns the behaviour of the maximum likelihood estimators (MLE) when the scale parameter of the GLM tends to zero. Finally, to allow the use of our results, we give some specifications of this limit in three cases of the GLM.     

The Immigrant Wage Gap in Germany: Are East Europeans Worse Off?

Using employment register data, this study compares the outcomes of male foreign workers from different East and West European countries who entered the German labor market between 1995 and 2000 with those of male German workers. Although the wage differentials are highest for Poles, results from Oaxaca/Blinder type decompositions show that the East Europeans are not generally worse off. Actually, we find considerable heterogeneity also within nationality groups. Quantile decompositions show that coefficients effects tend to be larger at the bottom of the wage distribution and, by that, give evidence for sticky floors.     

An exact formula for the mean squared error of the inverse estimator in the linear calibration problem

The linear calibration problem is considered. An exact formula for the mean squared error of the inverse estimator, involving expectations of functions of a Poisson random variable, is derived. The formula may be expressed in closed form if the number of observations in the calibration experiment is odd; for an even number of observations, the numerical evaluation of a simple integral or the use of a standard table of the confluent hypergeometric function is required. Previous expressions for the mean squared error have either been asymptotic expansions or estimates obtained by simulation.