论生态文明建设中刑法与环境法的协调

中国生态文明建设对包括刑法与环境法在内的现代法治手段具有内在需求.分析表明,中国刑事司法对生态环境保护的贡献率较为有限,其根本原因在于刑法与环境法之间的协调性较差.导致两者协调性较差的原因有:(1)环境政策与刑事政策在一定时期呈现出价值分离的状态;(2)生态法益没有成为环境犯罪判定的核心指标;(3)环境执法的难点问题并没有转化为环境司法的重点.提升现阶段中国刑法与环境法协调性的主要进路有:(1)实现环境政策与刑事政策的紧密结合;(2)逐步实现刑事立法的生态化,促进生态法益的刑事保护;(3)加强环境刑事司法过程中生态法益的识别与度量.     

义利之辨与晚清重商思潮的兴起

鸦片战争以后,随着西方近代文明的输入,中国社会各阶层在生活方式及思想观念上均发生了变化,作为文化核心的思维模式、认知模式、价值观念也同样发生了重大转变。这种文化核心价值观念的变化,主要体现在"义利之辨"的突破及"本末"观念的转变上。传统的重农抑商观念逐渐被抛弃,"工商立国"观念逐渐确立,重商主义和功利主义思潮兴起。依据相关资料,重点分析晚清时期本末、义利观念的初步变化,或还揭示中华文明核心价值观念近代转型的内在路径与发展趋向。     

政治正义论视野下的公民控告权

《宪法》第41条规定的公民控告权,以政治的正义性认同为前提,是政治正义的重要防线,能推进政治系统,通过矫正不义而实现正义。公民通过行使控告权不但可以实现自身的正义追求,而且能够“强化政治的正义性认同、增进政治合法性、提升政治正义性”。这种“以权利推进正义”的宪法机制,为整个政治系统提升供给正义、推进正义效能,以满足民众日益高涨的正义需求,提供了一个有效制度路径。     

关于调解制度改革的思考

调解程序的频繁启动无益于诉讼效率的提高和法律正义的实现 ,调解程序应当成为民事诉讼的前置程序。     

冲突中的社会公正:农地冲突中农民经济诉求的表达

农村土地冲突的实质是农民经济利益被侵蚀后寻求经济诉求表达的外在表现形式,制度利益的缺失、公权力的强势、规则的缺位等原因致使农民经济诉求无法得到及时、规范、有效、和谐地表达,农民发展利益受损,与社会公正严重背离。建立健全农民利益代表机制和农民利益表达机制,变革农户主体制度,实现农民经济诉求的法治化表达,是农民利益特别是土地利益得到有效保护和发展,促进社会公正的最终实现。     

欧盟司法与内务合作机制的发展——“自由、安全和正义的区域”建立

欧盟的司法与内务合作已进入快速一体化阶段,欧盟通过建立"自由、安全和正义的区域",力图实现其司法与内务合作模式由"国家间"合作的方式向"共同体化"的方式转变。《里斯本条约》在该领域内对欧盟机构的权限划分更加明晰,同时建立了一系列相关的配套制度。但成员国与欧盟超国家机制间的利益存在冲突,为此欧盟在相关问题上给予部分成员国以特殊地位,并采取了寻求弹性一体化的方法,这种努力在一定程度上缓解了上述矛盾。传统上以政府间主义为主导的欧盟司法与内务合作制度正逐渐转化为联盟控制下共同体机制。     

国外医疗公正代表性理论研究述评

公正是伦理学的核心范畴。医疗公正是公正问题在医疗领域的体现,其根本目的是保证人的健康权利实现。医疗公正的核心是医疗资源的合理分配。国外不同学派的公正医疗观各不相同,功利主义、平等主义、激进自由主义、社群主义,分别强调公共效益的最大化、分配正义、市场分配、共同体价值。国外医疗公正理论具有标准多元、学科交叉、思路统一的特点,在特殊性、可操作性及日常生活进路方面的研究欠缺。我们可借鉴国外医疗公正思想,探索适合我国实际的医疗公正理论,推进我国的医疗公正实践。     

从“哲学王”到“第七种政体”——柏拉图的政体理论的嬗变

在《理想国》中,柏拉图认为"唯一正确的"统治形式是"哲学家成为国王,或国王成为哲学家",其他四种政体(荣誉制、寡头制、民主制、僭主制)是上述这种"唯一正确的"政体没有得到很好维护而逐步退化的结果。在《政治家》《法律篇》等著作中,柏拉图将"唯一正确的"政体称作"第七种政体",认为这种政体应与其他六种可能出现的政体完全分开,就像神与人要分开一样;与《理想国》的另外一个不同在于,在《政治家》《法律篇》等著作中,是否根据法律实行统治成为决定除"第七种政体"之外其他各种政体优劣的主要标准。总之,"第七种政体"这个概念的出现,表明柏拉图已基本放弃在现实中实现"圣人之治"(人治)的幻想,而把"依法治国"(法治)看作明智的、务实的选择。从"哲学王"到"第七种政体",表明柏拉图的政体理论经历了从推崇"人治"向倡导"法治"转变的过程。     

Tensions and contradictions in Australian social policy reform: compulsory Income Management and the National Disability Insurance Scheme

This paper explores contemporary contradictions and tensions in Australian social policy principles and governmental practices that are being used to drive behavioural change, such as compulsory income management. By means of compulsory income management the Australian Government determines how certain categories of income support recipients can spend their payments through the practice of quarantining a proportion of that payment. In this process some groups in the community, particularly young unemployed people and Indigenous Australians, are being portrayed as requiring a paternalistic push in order to make responsible choices. The poverty experienced by some groups of income support recipients appears to be seen as a consequence of poor spending patterns rather than economic and social inequalities. By contrast, Australia's National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS) has been constructed as a person centred system of support that recognises the importance of both human agency and structural investment to expand personal choices and control. Here we look at the rationale guiding these developments to explore the tensions and contradictions in social policy more broadly, identifying what would be required if governments sought to promote greater autonomy, dignity and respect for people receiving income support payments in Australia.     

Forum 4: the environmental privilege of borders in the anthropocene

ABSTRACT

Mobility can indicate a powerful or privileged relationship with one’s environment. The ability to exercise mobility or not (of oneself or others) is an exertion of power that demarcates where particular people belong and under what kind of environmental conditions. This essay focuses on the significance of borders in creating environmental privilege in the Anthropocene. Environmental privilege is accrued through the exercise of economic, political, and cultural power that enables the construction of exclusive environmental amenities such as clean air and water, open space, and safe neighborhoods. For years, environmental justice scholars have revealed the burdens and oppressive conditions associated with environmental inequality, but few studies consider the flipside of that reality. We argue that environmental privileges enjoyed by some rest upon the manipulation of the mobility of others – human and nonhuman. We believe border making will come under greater pressure as the effects of climate change increase, and the volume of resources required to maintain exclusive spaces intensifies. Continued mass migration will bring heightened anxieties about national identity and calls for greater border enforcement, despite the reality that borders – both literal and figurative – consistently fail to alleviate migratory pressures while exacerbating the effects of climate change and environmental injustice. Our research shows that greater ecological instability increases efforts to create privatized places as pristine spaces untouched by global turmoil, thereby reinforcing those social forces that produce environmental injustices in the first place.