Inequality and demographic response to short-term economic stress in North Orkney,Scotland, 1855–1910: Sector differences

We examine economic inequality and social differences in infant and child mortality, and fertility responses to food price changes in North Orkney, 1855–1910, using linked vital records. This small population featured a diverse occupational structure, limited land resources, and geographic isolation from mainland Scotland. Segments of Orkney’s non-agricultural working population were living so close to the margin of subsistence in normal years that an increase in food prices in bad years cost the lives of their children. Delayed childbearing, in addition to increased labour intensity, occupational diversification, and poor relief, failed to mitigate the negative effects of unfavourable prices in this group. While previous studies for Western Europe show a strong social gradient in mortality responses to food prices, and for Eastern Asia a strong household gradient, this study shows a strong sectoral gradient, indicating low standards of living for the non-agricultural working population well into the twentieth century.     

Reforming Land‐Tenure Systems in South Africa: Routes to Socio‐Economic and Agricultural Sustainability

Given the historical development of land tenure in South Africa, the aim of this article is to examine the best routes to alleviate poverty and retain sustainable agriculture in the country. First, a theoretical framework is presented that relates land tenure to sustainability, and three historical periods (pre‐colonial, colonial, and apartheid) are then considered to explain the changes in land tenure and their consequences. The progress and main limitations of post‐apartheid land reform to approach agricultural sustainability and alleviate poverty are discussed. Based on the analysis, different possibilities for future land reform are elaborated, followed by some recommendations for future land‐reform policies in South Africa.     

黑水城出土西夏文《西方净土十疑论》略注本考释

本文刊布了俄藏黑水城出土西夏文《西方净土十疑论》略注本的录文,指出此本是根据宋沙门澄或《净土十疑论注》翻译而成,并依照汉文本,对西夏文本进行了翻译和注释,目的是为西夏学界研读西夏语文以及佛学界研究净土宗在10-4世纪的传播提供参考。     

试论利奥波德的大地伦理观

奥尔多.利奥波德的大地伦理学提出了共同体及其范围扩展、大地伦理学的内涵等观点。他从现代人类所面临的严重生态危机和环境问题入手,总结了关于大地伦理学的观点:改变狭隘的人类中心主义认知观念;树立全新的整体生态伦理观念;维护大自然的和谐共生;人类要关爱一切生命;倡导实际的长久的美丽。     

现行成品油定价机制背后的税利博弈简

自成品油定价机制改革以来,成品油定价机制饱受争议,油价一直是人们关注的焦点。分析了国内需求拉动和国际输入型价格变动是引起油价上涨的主要原因;油价变动对用油企业、个人及产油企业的影响。随着我国国内成品油需求量日益增加,引发用油企业、个人及产油的上游企业与下游企业以及国家各方不断进行利益博弈,提出只有通过国家税收政策经济杠杆的调节作用,才能逐步调整各方利益及分配关系。     

Linking aggregate production planning with marketing pricing decisions

In this paper, we link production planning decisions to marketing decisions that involve the price of product groups. The focus of this paper is the development of a closed-loop procedure for aggregate production planning and pricing. We seek to satisfy uncertain demand while minimizing total costs that include material, labour, and inventory holding costs. The procedure is useful for variable demand to update short-term aggregate plans.     

浅谈"有效成本管理法"在煤矿中的应用

分析了目前煤矿普遍采用的经济承包责任制中重产量、轻效益的缺陷与弊端。结合煤矿生产经营实际 ,提出将邯钢管理经验中“有效成本管理法”移植于煤矿的设想 :把采掘区 (队 )作为卖方 ,矿作为买方 ,在确定内部转移价格的基础上 ,核算区 (队 )应得月工资总额     

论我校土地资源管理专业本科教育的现状及其展望

文章简要介绍了广东工业大学土地资源管理专业本科教育的发展概况 ,并详细阐述了我校土地资源管理专业本科教育的课程体系设置及其特色 ,对今后我校土地资源管理专业本科教育的进一步发展提出了自己的思路与对策     

西周土地制度略论

西周的土地制度的基本形态以其繁复且完善的规制为历代学人所关注。但由于原始史料的匮乏 ,学理解释中的纷争从未停止。自孟子始对井田制的认识就很模糊。除此 ,以宗法分封制为处理框架的土地分封首先固化了土地国有的制度 ,各级领主多层分列其中 ,而最终的耕作模式主要是以“国人”与“野人”的身份差别形成了两种土地经营系统。     

“九·一八”事变与“满洲国”的建立

日本自明治维新后,制订了称霸亚洲和世界的"大陆政策",其核心是"满蒙"政策.日本在基本实现"大陆政策"的第一期侵略目标(吞并朝鲜)后,立即着手为实现第二期侵略目标(独占"满蒙")进行各种准备."九·一八事变"和伪"满洲国"的建立,标志着日本大陆政策第二期目标的基本实现.事变的结果,不仅使日本实现了既定的侵略目标,而且又以"满洲"为基地,准备实现第三期侵略目标,即征服全中国乃至称霸亚洲.