先秦“名实论”的源流、旨趣、内容及定位--先秦人文主义语言哲学思想发微

先秦“名实论”,主要是基于“人之所以为人者,言也”的初步认识,将“名”作为人的一种创造性活动,通过考察“名实”关系,最终以探讨人的合理的生存实践方式及其认识来源的理论。它重点研究人、语言、世界三者互动的关系;语言能够显示现实的结构是其基本理念,“人”是其研究的最高目标。所以,就其理论重心与基本精神而言,它乃是一种人文主义语言哲学理论。虽然语言哲学是哲学的一个分支,与语言学、逻辑学关系紧密并互相贯通,然而,为了揭示其本质、彰显其特征,使之与古今中外相关的学科理论更好地会通,以便从中阐发出更多具有生命力和启示性的思想要素,最好还是突显先秦“名实论”所具有的人文主义语言哲学的性质。     

Qualitative data analysis with hypertext: A case of New York City crack dealers

Ethnography has become a useful method in procuring sensitive information from the ‘hidden population’ who may not be accessed with quantitative survey techniques. Researchers are generating huge amounts of qualitative/textual data. Qualitative data require careful planning in storage, coding, retrieval, and analysis. Personal computers have solved data management problems, but data analysis remains problematic. The paper describes some qualitative data management and analytic problems faced by a team of ethnographers engaged in a longitudinal epidemiological study of cocaine and crack distribution/abuse in New York City. Ethnographic data was collected through multi-session open-ended interviews with more than one hundred cocaine/crack dealers and extensive field-notes were kept. Compared to other programs, a hypertext software — Folio Views — was more useful in solving (a) data management and (b) analytical problems. Authors used this software to handle more than twenty-five thousand pages of texts; search and sort the database by any words or codes; and retrieve relevant textual materials needed to complete comparative and thematic analysis. Authors analyzed the data from outsiders’ point of view (etic) as well as from the viewpoint of the subject populations (emic).     

A Microcomputer Management of Information System for Community-Based AIDS Prevention Ethnographic Team Research

Abstract

Ethnographers working on community-based intervention projects increasingly face the task of collecting and analyzing large amounts of qualitative data. In addition, these data sometimes must be simultaneously gathered across diverse populations and at multiple locations. A cost-effective approach that addresses the difficulties in conducting this type of qualitative research is the use of an ethnographic team. Yet, the team concept requires sophisticated strategies for managing large volumes of unstructured textbased data. This article documents how the Houston Nalional AlDS Demonstration Research (NADR) project configured specific basic microcomputer technologesto asslst and enhance the management of ethnographic team research. Specifically, this system was a valuable and affordable tool to increase the speed, efficiency and rigor of data collection and analysis.     

朱光潜翻译观中的语言学思想体现

朱光潜的翻译观中有其语言学思想的存在和体现,二者有着平行一致的密切联系。遵循“语言言意观”,即语言与情感思想是辩证统一的关系,因而推崇“信”的翻译标准和“字从文顺的直译”翻译方法。持有“语言发展观”,即语言具有渐变性、持续性,因而在讨论诗不可译、译文适度欧化、要避免一词多义的误译等时,他提出要注意语言的演变和其时代背景。     

Understanding the Role of National Development Experts in Development Ethnography

International aid architecture has created a space for development experts to operationalise development policies in various capacity. A growing body of literature highlights the agency of this group through an ethnographic lens for deepening the understanding of development practice. However, this article reveals that there is a gap in the existing literature as the roles of national development experts (NDEs) remain rather unexplored in development. This article aims to bridge this gap by introducing the NDEs as an unexplored actor in development and setting an agenda for further research. Drawing on a Bangladesh case this article argues that not only will the accounts of NDEs deepen the existing scholarship but also without their reflections we will only have partial development ethnographies.     

“Parent Advocacy” as an Ideological Code: LGBTQ Parents Engage with Disability Services

What does the work that LGBTQ parents do to find resources for their disabled children reveal about the social organization of services? This article presents findings from an institutional ethnography study based on interviews with 15 lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and/or queer (LGBTQ) parents and six key community informants in Toronto, Canada. The analysis focused on the work parents did to engage with disability service systems on behalf of their children, and the ways in which families’ social privilege and/or marginalization affected their experiences. Particular attention was paid to the ways in which “parent advocacy” was taken up, responded to, and critiqued in these interviews. “Parent advocacy” was found to operate as what Dorothy Smith has called an “ideological code” (Smith 1999), offloading systemic responsibilities onto parents, shielding inequities, and promoting individualized competition between service users. This study suggests that the systemic organization that makes “parent advocacy” necessary also renders parents’ relative privilege or marginality central to what their children receive.     

语境与翻译中语义的选择

语境在翻译过程中对意义的理解起着至关重要的作用.本文从语境的概念、意义的特性入手,对语境与意义的选择,从语言语境与语义选择和非语言语境与语义选择两方面进行了探讨,从而得出结论:翻译中语义的选择不能脱离具体的语境而孤立存在.翻译即为结合具体语境的翻译.     

On qualitative multi-attribute group decision making and its consensus measure: A probability based perspective

This paper focuses on qualitative multi-attribute group decision making (MAGDM) with linguistic information in terms of single linguistic terms and/or flexible linguistic expressions. To do so, we propose a new linguistic decision rule based on the concepts of random preference and stochastic dominance, by a probability based interpretation of weight information. The importance weights and the concept of fuzzy majority are incorporated into both the multi-attribute and collective decision rule by the so-called weighted ordered weighted averaging operator with the input parameters expressed as probability distributions over a linguistic term set. Moreover, a probability based method is proposed to measure the consensus degree between individual and collective overall random preferences based on the concept of stochastic dominance, which also takes both the importance weights and the fuzzy majority into account. As such, our proposed approaches are based on the ordinal semantics of linguistic terms and voting statistics. By this, on one hand, the strict constraint of the uniform linguistic term set in linguistic decision making can be released; on the other hand, the difference and variation of individual opinions can be captured. The proposed approaches can deal with qualitative MAGDM with single linguistic terms and flexible linguistic expressions. Two application examples taken from the literature are used to illuminate the proposed techniques by comparisons with existing studies. The results show that our proposed approaches are comparable with existing studies.     

尊重语言事实是词典编纂的重要原则

字母词是当前社会和学界争议的热点。调查数据表明：我国媒体中字母词的使用是一种不可避免的语言事实;国际上,英文缩略词在非英语国家中的使用也是一种普遍现象。无论从词典条目来源角度,还是从词典编纂者的责任和词典功能角度来考量,尊重语言事实都应该是词典编纂的重要原则。     

独龙族学校教育的微观民族志研究

采用人类学田野调查常用的参与观察、深入访谈和问卷分析的方法，利用微观教育民族志的深描手段，对生活在云南西北部山区独龙江流域的独龙族学校教育进行整体研究。从独龙族“九年一贯制”学校的文化与制度、课程实施与教学活动、教师结构组成以及独龙族在校中学生的日常活动、学习成绩等方面，可以看出独龙族传统文化与现代学校教育之间呈现出逐渐疏离的态势。