架起低碳现实与法律制度的桥梁——社会调查方法应用探讨

对目前中国低碳现实环境的了解与分析是探讨低碳法律制度安排的前提和基础。将社会调查方法应用到低碳法律制度研究中,不仅是法学方法论的突破,同时体现着法学研究的一种理性自觉,也为低碳立法和人民参与立法提供了一种科学有效的手段。社会调查方法在低碳法律制度研究中的应用包括方案设计、问卷设计、应注意的价值取向以及多种方法的结合等方面。     

基于完全分解模型的能源消费变动及影响因素分析

在分析Laspeyres指数及其模型不足的基础上,提出更完善、合理的完全分解模型,基于完全分解模型,运用1980~2008年分产业国内生产总值以及能源消费相关统计数据,定量测算并深入分析了能源消费变动及各个影响因素的贡献率、节能量和节能率。研究结果揭示了我国能源消费变动的原因,为进一步研究我国对能源的需求趋势和制定相关的能源政策提供参考。     

中国碳强度承诺的含义、特点与履行

中国碳强度承诺是中国的国家温室气体中期减排目标。中国碳强度只统计绝大部分CO2排放,且不扣除碳汇。中国碳强度承诺具有正当性、严格性和国内约束性,也具有一定程度的模糊性。中国降低碳强度的重点是控制化石燃料燃烧引起的CO2排放,为此必须节约能源和降低能源排放因子。     

经济发展与碳减排分析

全球气候变化和碳减排对于发达国家和发展中国家具有不同的意义,对于发展中国家而言,其首要任务是适应和发展。基础设施建设和城市化是实现发展的必由之路,在现有技术条件下,这也意味着经济发展必须经过一个碳排放快速增加的阶段,而中国正处于这一发展阶段。中国在2000年以前在碳减排方面的出色表现很大程度上是市场化改革带来的制度红利所致,今后继续保持碳强度下降的关键在于技术能力的提高。     

Future Directions in the Study of Close Relationships: Conflict Is Bad (Except When It's Not)

Beneficial and detrimental correlates of interpersonal disagreement have been postulated and documented. The conclusion: conflict is both bad and good. The evidence for these paradoxical effects is summarized. In this article, we argue that the consequences of conflict for individuals depend on its frequency, the way in which it is managed, and the quality of the relationship in which it arises. Non‐linear patterns of association are hypothesized such that constructive conflicts, particularly those arising in supportive relationships, should (up to a limit) predict more beneficial and fewer detrimental outcomes. In contrast, coercive conflicts, particularly those arising in unsupportive relationships, should predict more adverse and fewer favorable outcomes.     

Effective casework practice with adolescents: perspectives of statutory child protection practitioners

Many child protection practitioners struggle with the complexity of problems and the limited casework time for adolescent cases. However, there is little research on child protection practice or case management that can guide a practitioner working with adolescents in the child protection system. The aim of this study was to explore and describe the nature of effective child protection practice with adolescents from the perspective of statutory child protection practitioners in one state in Australia. Data were collected through focus group discussions and interviews with child protection practitioners and managers currently working with adolescents (n= 44). A grounded theory approach was used to identify the dominant themes or categories and form linkages and relationships through constant comparison techniques. Seven key categories emerged from this analysis: characteristics of the young person and their family; ‘walking it together’– the centrality of relationships; ‘looking back/looking forward’– practice strategies; practitioner attributes and skills; ‘walking a fine line’– working with the families of adolescents; ‘walking with services’– effective inter‐agency work; and organizational context in effective child protection practice with adolescents. Key implications for practice and areas for further research were discussed.     

Financial self‐sufficiency or return to welfare? A longitudinal study of mothers among the working poor

Cheng T. Financial self‐sufficiency or return to welfare? A longitudinal study of mothers among the working poor Int J Soc Welfare 2010: 19: 162–172 © 2010 The Author(s), Journal compilation © 2010 Blackwell Publishing Ltd and International Journal of Social Welfare. This study investigated how working‐poor mothers who withdrew from a US government assistance program were affected by the economy, welfare reform policies, and their own human capital, in terms of their likelihood of returning to welfare and their likelihood of becoming nonpoor through work. The study employed longitudinal data (covering 42 months) extracted from a national data set. The sample for the current study, which relied on event history analysis, consisted of 228 working‐poor former welfare mothers. Results showed that the women's return to welfare was correlated to high unemployment, restrictive welfare policies, enrollment in Medicaid and food‐stamp programs, possession of service‐job skills, and being Hispanic. The women were most likely to attain relative financial independence in the presence of generous government assistance program policies, housing assistance, full‐time employment, operative‐job skills, college education, and marriage. African American ethnicity also made achievement of financial independence more likely.     

Do public pensions matter for health and wellbeing among retired persons? Basic and income security pensions across 13 Western European countries

Esser I, Palme J. Do public pensions matter for health and wellbeing among retired persons? Basic and income security pensions across 13 Western European countries Int J Soc Welfare 2010: ??: ??–??© 2010 The Author(s), Journal compilation © 2010 Blackwell Publishing Ltd and International Journal of Social Welfare. Mortality rates suggest that elderly people in the advanced welfare democracies have experienced dramatically improved health over the past decades. This study examined the importance of public pensions for self‐reported health and wellbeing among retired persons in 13 Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development countries in 2002–2005. New public pension data make it possible to distinguish between two qualities of pension systems: ‘basic security’ for those who have no or a short work history, and ‘income security’ for those with a more extensive contribution record. For enhanced cross‐national comparison, relative measures of ill‐health and wellbeing were constructed to account for cultural bias in responses to survey questions and heterogeneity among countries in the general level of population health. Overall, better health is found in countries with more generous pensions, although the results are gendered; for women's health, high basic security of the pension system appears to be particularly important. Women's wellbeing also tends to be more dependent on the quality of basic security.     

低碳政治与经济发展的利益纷争

随着气候变化问题的愈演愈烈,这个科学命题已经不再是由科学家们可以独立演绎的了,世界上各个国家的政治家们都被卷入到这项保护环境、节能减排、发展低碳经济的活动中。但是,当节能减排涉及到经济利益和国家利益时,发达国家与发展中国家之间就发展权和公平权的激烈博弈就此展开。可是,危机背后就是转机。究竟是减排还是发展这一根本矛盾的解决,需要发达国家与发展中国家高瞻远瞩,抓住战略机遇期,向低碳时代迈进。     

Some tests for uniformity of circular distributions powerful against multimodal alternatives

The author introduces new statistics suited for testing uniformity of circular distributions and powerful against multimodal alternatives. One of them has a simple expression in terms of the geometric mean of the sample of chord lengths. The others belong to a family indexed by a continuous parameter. The asymptotic distributions under the null hypothesis are derived. We compare the power of the new tests against Stephens's alternatives with those of Ajne, Watson, and Hermans‐Rasson's tests. Some of the new tests are the most powerful when the alternative has three or four modes. A heuristic justification of this feature is given. An application to the analysis of archaeological data is provided. The Canadian Journal of Statistics 38:80–96; 2010 © 2010 Statistical Society of Canada