Correlation in a Bayesian framework

The authors consider the correlation between two arbitrary functions of the data and a parameter when the parameter is regarded as a random variable with given prior distribution. They show how to compute such a correlation and use closed form expressions to assess the dependence between parameters and various classical or robust estimators thereof, as well as between p‐values and posterior probabilities of the null hypothesis in the one‐sided testing problem. Other applications involve the Dirichlet process and stationary Gaussian processes. Using this approach, the authors also derive a general nonparametric upper bound on Bayes risks.     

汉魏六朝的文学模拟--从六朝文学的"拟""代"谈起

在文学观念趋于成熟的汉魏六朝,诗文名家多倚重模拟。《文选》所录拟作不无创意与个性。刘勰以为是传习经典范式提升主体素质的必由之径;无论是基本训练抑或有所取法的尝试都是新变的基础。模拟在文学艺术中普遍存在,是承传不可或缺的重要手段。     

英文广告语篇的人际意义分析

功能语法中的一个非常重要的组成部分是纯理功能。韩礼德把纯理功能分为三种,即语篇功能,人际功能和概念功能。人际功能指的是人们用语言来和其他人交往,建立和保持人际关系,用语言来影响别人的行为,同时用语言来表达对世界的看法。广告语篇是一种人际功能极强的语篇。在功能语法的框架下对其进行分析,一定会对这种特定的语篇有更深入地理解。     

An analysis of media reporting on the closure of freestanding midwifery units in England

ProblemDespite clinical guidelines and policy promoting choice of place of birth, 14 Freestanding Midwifery Units were closed between 2008 and 2015, closures reported in the media as justified by low use and financial constraints.BackgroundThe Birthplace in England Programme found that freestanding midwifery units provided the most cost-effective birthplace for women at low risk of complications. Women planning birth in a freestanding unit were less likely to experience interventions and serious morbidity than those planning obstetric unit birth, with no difference in outcomes for babies.MethodsThis paper uses an interpretative technique developed for policy analysis to explore the representation of these closures in 191 news articles, to explore the public climate in which they occurred.Findings and discussionThe articles focussed on underuse by women and financial constraints on services. Despite the inclusion of service user voices, the power of framing was held by service managers and commissioners. The analysis exposed how neoliberalist and austerity policies have privileged representation of individual consumer choice and market-driven provision as drivers of changes in health services. This normative framing presents the reasons given for closure as hard to refute and cultural norms persist that birth is safest in an obstetric setting, despite evidence to the contrary.ConclusionThe rise of neoliberalism and austerity in contemporary Britain has influenced the reform of maternity services, in particular the closure of midwifery units. Justifications given for closure silence other narratives, predominantly from service users, that attempt to present women’s choice in terms of rights and a social model of care.     

Segments of Self and Other: The Magyar Hungarian Case

Using a case study from the border region of southeast Hungary, this paper makes the argument that national identity is experienced as a segmented structure of Selves and Others of varying social distances, rather than a binary Self and Other. It also posits that only some of these Others, those perceived to be the most familiar and threatening, are useful for members of a nation to use in thinking about themselves, either in alliance or opposition. In this Hungarian case, the most useful Others for defining Hungarian identity in alliance and opposition are, respectively, the Western and Balkan Other .     

Social construction of work stress: Australian newsprint media portrayal of stress at work, 1997-98

Public understanding of health issues is influenced by the social and political interests of those who gather the information and by the media which disseminates it. This has implications for lay people's beliefs about work stress and has potentially serious personal implications in terms of recognizing, reacting to, and reporting stress in the workplace (Furnham, 1997). The somewhat ambiguous nature of work stress renders it vulnerable to political, social and economic manipulation. This study explores how the issue of work stress is represented in the Australian newsprint media. Fifty-one work-related articles from all major Australian newspapers from 1 January 1997 to 31 December 1997 were selected if 'stress' appeared in the headline. The articles were examined for dominant ideologies and themes. Attention was given to the language used to describe stress, the intended audience, and the voices represented in the articles. Results showed that work stress is represented in the media as an economically costly epidemic, as an outcome of unfavourable work conditions but with individual remedies, and as primarily situated within the public sector. The main voice represented in the media was that of the unions. The reproduction of work stress as a public sector phenomenon serves the interests of public sector unions, the newspapers, and the managers of private sector workers and is not consistent with available workers' compensation data (which is itself problematic).     

经济危机时期英国的移民报道及其对中国的启示——从广州媒体报道非洲黑人说起

2009年7月15日广州黑人冲击派出所，以及随后网上对《东方天使》的参赛者“黑女孩”娄婧的一些讨论，使得黑人群体受到全国媒体乃至世界媒体的关注，境外媒体称“中国首次爆发了有关种族歧视的不同寻常的公开讨论”，“中国人对黑人抱有天真的种族主义”。与此同时，移民大国——英国国内关于移民的讨论也达到了白热化的程度，移民报道在文化与政治领域的重要性得到了前所未有的关注。通过分析经济危机时期英国媒体的移民报道策略、成因和危害，并与中国媒体的黑人报道做简单比较，以期为正在走向世界的中国传媒以启示。     

新媒体环境下英语听力教学过程性评估模式研究与实践

随着新媒体的出现,学生可以通过互联网、手机报、MP4、数字广播电视、3G网络视频等随时随地接触到生动真实的语言环境,教师已不是信息资源的唯一来源,学生也不再是被动地接受知识.文章从新媒体概念的剖析入手,讨论新媒体与英语听力教学的关系,探究如何在新媒体环境下设计有效的过程性听力教学评估模式,充分利用新媒体的资源有效监控评估学生听力学习、提高学生自主学习能力.     

THE NEW MEDIA AND OUR POLITICAL COMMUNICATION DISCONTENTS: DEMOCRATIZING CYBERSPACE

This article argues that the new interactive media have a 'vulnerable potential' to enhance public communications and enrich democracy, which can be realized only through appropriate policy support and imaginative institution building. After outlining the main shortcomings of the prevailing political communication system, certain elements of redemptive potential, inherent in distinctive features of the Internet, are identified. The policy implications of this analysis are then drawn for the public-service obligations of mainstream media, to ensure open access to new media platforms, and to create a 'civic commons' in cyberspace.     

结构性社会问题传播中的五大误区

由于某些制度性、政策性的因素或社会发展中的不可逾越的阶段影响所致,我国不可避免存在着结构性社会问题,本文认为,它们具有全面性、长期性、潜伏性和艰巨性等特点。在全面考察近年新闻传播的基础上,本文指出,在传播结构性社会问题中,媒体出现了结构性失衡、舆论监督力度不足、低俗化、模式化等问题,需要引起有关各方的高度重视。