伊斯兰教财产观与新时期西北穆斯林的慈善实践

伊斯兰教主张财产权利平等,追求道德和社会公正。改革开放为西北穆斯林实践其财产观念创造了宝贵的历史机遇,促使新时期穆斯林慈善事业有了巨大发展。研究伊斯兰财产观和穆斯林的慈善实践,对构建西北和谐社会有重要而深远的意义。     

Application of the Kindling Hypothesis to the Long-Term Effects of Racism

Abstract

This theoretical article proposes that the kindling hypothesis has significant potential impact in the conceptualization of the global impact of racism over time in the lives of black Americans. The kindling hypothesis describes how repeated shocks within the brain can trigger seizure activity. This same phenomenon has been applied to mental health in the areas of affective disorders and psychological trauma. In these circumstances, repeated minor traumas occurring over time are theorized to trigger clinical threshold depression and trauma.     

Desire caught by its tale: The unlikely return of the merman in Madonna's Cherish

‘Will Come Forth in Tongues and Fury’ uses the pretext of a Simon Ortiz poem, ‘Irish Poets on a Saturday and an Indian,’ to identify and analyse the unacknowledged links between US and British variants of colonialism. In particular the categories of race and space are engaged, as is the colonial technology of the reservation.     

Psychosocial Factors That Contribute to HIV/AIDS Risk Behaviors Among Young Black College Women

Sustainable consumption is one of the most recent challenges in the field of education. This is the reason why a great number of international institutions have formulated strategies to foster more sustainable consumption. In Greece, certain educational programs have gradually begum to implement a policy aiming to sustainable consumption in the field of the new curriculum of studies for primary school. The intent of this study is to highlight the need to consider the pupils' consumer habits and behaviors in the purchase and management of products and services in reference with modern consumption patterns. Specifically, the aim of this article is to identify the pupils' sustainable and unsustainable practices, considering their personal dimensions of everyday living, and giving a particular meaning to consumer education in Greece.     

Explaining political trust among African Americans: Examining demographic, media, and social capital and social networks effects

African Americans routinely have lower levels of political trust compared with whites. Explanations of their political trust remain rather unexamined. Using data taken from the 1996 National Black Election Study, this analysis examines three models to test how demographic characteristics, the media, and social capital and social networks influence political trust among African Americans. The results show modest support for the models. However, social location as measured by demographic characteristics is most important for explaining the political trust of African Americans.     

The Effects on Clinician Identification when Clinician and Client Share a Common Ethnic Minority Background

ABSTRACT

A quasi-experimental study addressed the question of whether clinician identification with the client differs in therapeutic dyads in which clinician and client are from the same ethnic minority background than in therapeutic dyads in which clinician and client are from a different ethnic background. An availability sampling plan was used to obtain a sample of sixty Japanese American and sixty White social workers. Subjects watched one of two videotaped vignettes of either a Japanese American or White client. An identification inventory was used to measure range and intensity of identification. Findings demonstrated that match of ethnic minority background heightened range and intensity of identification. Additionally, match of generation, place of origin, and assimilation level also increased the respondent's identification with the client. Furthermore, feelings of vulnerability, a concern of overidentifying, and an added sense of investment occurred more frequently when the respondent and vignette client were from the same ethnic minority background.     

Stereotype threat and college academic performance: A latent variables approach

Stereotype threat theory has gained experimental and survey-based support in helping explain the academic underperformance of minority students at selective colleges and universities. Stereotype threat theory states that minority students underperform because of pressures created by negative stereotypes about their racial group. Past survey-based studies, however, are characterized by methodological inefficiencies and potential biases: key theoretical constructs have only been measured using summed indicators and predicted relationships modeled using ordinary least squares. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Freshman, this study overcomes previous methodological shortcomings by developing a latent construct model of stereotype threat. Theoretical constructs and equations are estimated simultaneously from multiple indicators, yielding a more reliable, valid, and parsimonious test of key propositions. Findings additionally support the view that social stigma can indeed have strong negative effects on the academic performance of pejoratively stereotyped racial-minority group members, not only in laboratory settings, but also in the real world.     

Negotiating Gender Relations: Muslim Women and Formal Employment in Pakistan's Rural Development Sector

Drawing on evidence from qualitative field research, this article explores how Pakistani female development practitioners experience their work situations as they are shaped both by local sociocultural norms and globalized development agendas. In this context, policies at global and national levels demand that more female development practitioners work in remote rural places in Pakistan, thus creating new employment opportunities for some Pakistani women. This article argues that, in this work environment, these women are exposed to different expectations about their gender behaviour and that they therefore develop physical strategies on the one hand and discursive strategies on the other in order to negotiate gender relations in a way that allows them to engage in formal employment. This article adds to under‐researched debates on gender and work in Muslim countries as well as to debates in critical development and gender studies.     

Matching Helping Roles with the Characteristics of Older Natural Helpers

In order to lessen isolation and promote meaningful lives, new roles are needed for retired adults. The authors examine the process of matching new roles to the capacities, characteristics, and values of older adults. Patterson's study of the role of natural helper revealed that older helpers had different values and employed different techniques than their younger counteparts, although they encountered similar problems. Achieving a good fit between helper, task and recipient is discussed in terms of its potential for enhancing mental health for both participants in the helping situation.