基于最近距离投影的DEA两阶段效率评价方法研究

数据包络分析是进行效率评价最重要的方法之一。传统的数据包络分析理论主要寻找有效前沿面上的最远距离投影，在极大化无效性指数的同时也面临着效率改进的巨大难度和高额成本。对于具有两阶段内部生产结构的决策单元，本文从考虑最小改进难度的视角出发，提出了最近距离投影的两阶段效率评价方法。该方法首先得到所有强有效决策单元的线性组合，且这些组合均占优于被评价的两阶段决策单元。然后建立了两阶段范围调整效率评价模型，在确定具有最近投影距离的占优组合的同时，得到了两阶段评价效率。最后，本文运用我国32家上市银行的年度数据对所提出方法进行了应用验证。     

视角·结构·策略——从《鬼作家》到《退场的鬼魂》叙事的承袭与嬗变

自1979年发表《鬼作家》到2007年出版《退场的鬼魂》,菲利普·罗斯的叙事技巧既有承袭也有嬗变:虽然在叙事视角上都采用回溯的第一人称"内聚焦",但视角与声音的相异或一致凸显叙事的稚嫩或成熟;虽然在叙事结构上都采用框架式,但叙述时间与故事时间却有简单和复杂之别;虽然在叙事策略上都采用虚实相间的后现代小说艺术手法,但就叙述者与作者、叙述本身、叙述文本中主人公的真实性与虚构性界线而言,《退场的鬼魂》比《鬼作家》的叙述更复杂、更娴熟.从视角、结构、策略三个维度看,《退场的鬼魂》承袭前作叙事主体、文本语境与叙事风格,含而不露地生成兼具文本间性的独异性,其充满叙事性想象的小说文本为"祖克曼系列小说"画上完美的句点,可视为菲利普·罗斯"祖克曼系列"叙事艺术技巧上的扛鼎之作.     

Interactions between formal structures and knowing communities: What does open source community involvement mean?

The purpose of this paper is to study the interactions between formal structures and knowing communities and to show how formal structures can support external communities. Indeed, the literature reveals the critical role of external knowing communities for innovation. This research is based on a sequential mixed-method research design with a multi study sequential approach. Three studies are performed to analyze the interactions between IT formal structures and open source communities. Study 1 and study 3 are quantitative and rely on the same sample of 157 IT business managers. Study 2 is qualitative and is based on four managers of three formal structures deeply rooted in open source communities. These studies show that the use of open source within the formal structure has an impact on the three forms in which formal structures involve themselves in external knowing communities: formalized, result-oriented and inter-connected involvement. They also reveal the difficulties and possibilities of inter-connected involvement and highlight the central role of formalization in community involvement.