突破激励困境:数字情境下企业实现精准激励的机制——基于海尔链群合约的探索性案例研究

随着数字技术在激励领域运用的不断深化,企业突破激励困境、提高激励效果的需求愈加强烈,精准激励概念应运而生。基于海尔链群合约实践,探索了企业实现精准激励的过程,以及数字技术对精准激励形成的作用机制。研究发现:(1)实现精准激励需要具备激励目标一致化、激励机制立体化、激励过程可视化与激励结果精准化四个关键因素,并注重以激励结果推进未来激励目标设定,形成激励循环;(2)数字技术的作用主要体现在达成共识、规划路径、激发动力、形成良性循环四个方面;(3)数字情境下的精准激励机制能够为突破棘轮效应、团队“搭便车”等经典激励困境提供新思路。因此,企业应强化数字技术在激励实践中的应用,实现精准激励,提升激励效果,助力企业价值创造。     

The Relative Effects of Different Frequencies of Feedback on Work Performance

Abstract

This laboratory simulation examined the relative effects of two frequencies of feedback on work performance under hourly pay and incentive pay. The study had four experimental conditions: feedback delivered after every session under hourly pay and under incentive pay, and feedback delivered after every fourth session under hourly pay and under incentive pay. Thirty-five college students were randomly assigned to one of the four conditions. Each participant attended 24 thirty-minute sessions. Participants performed a simulated work task on the computer that consisted of computer-related activities such as dragging, clicking, and typing. The dependent variable was the number of correctly completed units of work. An analysis of covariance was conducted to analyze the data using pretest scores as a covariate. Participants who received feedback every session completed significantly more work units than participants who received feedback every fourth session. In addition, an interaction between feedback frequency and pay systems was found: Feedback delivered every session was more effective than feedback delivered every fourth session under the incentive pay system, but not under the hourly pay system. The results suggest that the relative effects of feedback frequency may depend upon the extent to which feedback is correlated with differential consequences for performance.     

Communication between Managers and Staff in the NHS: Trends and Prospects

The importance of the role of communication in the success of individual performance in social and business life is now widely recognized. Within organizations, effective internal communication between managers and staff is vital to organizational success. This is particularly so during periods of change, when staff uncertainty increases and there is an increased need for greater amounts of information and more frequent communication. Staff in the NHS have recently experienced some quite dramatic changes in their working practices. This paper therefore examines the current state of communication within the NHS and the implications which this poses for the overall functioning of the organization. In particular, the relationship between communication and the motivation of staff is described. The nature of communication audits, the main research approach used to assesses communication effectiveness, is then delineated, and areas of the NHS chosen for analysis by this means are proposed. The results of a series of audits are summarized. Problems in information flow, use of information sources and channels, the timeliness of information exchanged, the extent to which people send information to each other and the quality of working relationships are identified. The implications of these findings for the NHS and general views of management are considered.     

和谐社会视域下志愿服务精神的研究

志愿服务精神是我国优良的传统美德。志愿服务精神的培育与发展是社会发展的风向标，是构建和谐社会的要求。在阐述志愿服务精神内涵的基础上，分析当前志愿服务活动中存在的问题．并从价值观引导、长效激励机制的建立等方面对如何培育志愿服务精神进行了探讨。     

论行政奖励的立法规制

由于传统法学理论忽视奖励对社会的调整作用、立法机关对奖励机制存在偏见等原因,我国立法对行政奖励的规制很不完善,有必要对行政奖励进行规制以制约行政主体滥用权力,依据其他规范性文件和自由裁量权实施某些行政奖励.行政奖励客体应当包括政府认可的非义务行为、仅通过强制手段无法实现行政目标的义务性行为和对行为结果无法控制的义务性行为.在行政奖励立法时应当充分考虑行政奖励的功能,分析影响行政奖励方式的因素,如受激励群体的偏好,成本与效益的分析,是否违反法律、社会公德和其他更重要的利益等.     

股权激励、盈余操纵与国有股减持

该文基于一个代理模型从理论上分析盈余操纵和国有股减持对股权激励合约的影响。股权激励具有双重效应,既激励管理层努力工作以增加股东价值,也诱使其操纵盈余而耗费公司资源,最优股权激励计划需要降低激励强度以权衡此两种效应。在部分投资者低估盈余操纵程度的情况下,国有股减持会促使控股股东加大股权激励强度,盈余操纵程度相应上升。研究结果揭示,过高的股权激励不仅会带来内部人侵占国有资产、大股东损害中小股东的利益的后果,而且可能使抑制盈余操纵活动的市场监管措施失效,这为近期国资委和财政部联合发布国有控股上市公司的股权激励试行办法提供了理论解释。     

Underprotection of Unpredictable Statistical Lives Compared to Predictable Ones

Existing ethical discussion considers the differences in care for identified versus statistical lives. However, there has been little attention to the different degrees of care that are taken for different kinds of statistical lives. Here we argue that for a given number of statistical lives at stake, there will sometimes be different, and usually greater, care taken to protect predictable statistical lives, in which the number of lives that will be lost can be predicted fairly accurately, than for unpredictable statistical lives, where the lives are at stake because of a low‐probability event, such that most likely no one will be affected by the decision but with low probability some lives will be at stake. One reason for this difference is the statistical challenge of estimating low probabilities, and in particular the tendency of common approaches to underestimate these probabilities. Another is the existence of rational incentives to treat unpredictable risks as if the probabilities were lower than they are. Some of these factors apply outside the pure economic context, to institutions, individuals, and governments. We argue that there is no ethical reason to treat unpredictable statistical lives differently from predictable statistical lives. Moreover, lives that are unpredictable from the perspective of an individual agent may become predictable when aggregated to the level of a societal decision. Underprotection of unpredictable statistical lives is a form of market failure that may need to be corrected by altering regulation, introducing compulsory liability insurance, or other social policies.     

Local Control Strategy: Simple Analyses of Air Pollution Data Can Reveal Heterogeneity in Longevity Outcomes

Claims from observational studies that use traditional model specification searches often fail to replicate, partially because the available data tend to be biased. There is an urgent need for an alternative statistical analysis strategy, that is not only simple and easily understood but also is more likely to give reliable insights when the available data have not been designed and balanced. The alternative strategy known as local control first generates local, nonparametric effect‐size estimates (fair treatment comparisons) and only then asks whether the observed variation in these local estimates can be predicted from potential confounding factors. Here, we illustrate application of local control to a historical air pollution data set describing a “natural experiment” initiated by the federal Clean Air Act Amendments of 1970. Our reanalysis reveals subgroup heterogeneity in the effects of air quality regulation on elderly longevity (one size does not fit all), and we show that this heterogeneity is largely explained by socioeconomic and environmental confounders other than air quality.     

Determinants of Probability Neglect and Risk Attitudes for Disaster Risk: An Online Experimental Study of Flood Insurance Demand among Homeowners

Little is known about why individuals place either a high or a very low value on mitigating risks of disaster‐type events, like floods. This study uses panel data methods to explore the psychological factors affecting probability neglect of flood risk relevant to the zero end‐point of the probability weighting function in Prospect Theory, and willingness‐to‐pay for flood insurance. In particular, we focus on explanatory variables of anticipatory and anticipated emotions, as well as the threshold of concern. Moreover, results obtained under real and hypothetical incentives are compared in an experiment with high experimental outcomes. Based on our findings, we suggest several policy recommendations to overcome individual decision processes, which may hinder flood protection efforts.     

管理层股权激励引发盈余管理的实证研究

本文从盈余管理的角度出发，选取截止至2007年12月已经实施股权激励的48家上市公司中的40家为样本，借鉴国外相关资料，运用管理层授予股权激励与其年薪金额的比例来考察股权激励程度，在扩展的Jones模型的基础上加入费用项目后来估计企业盈余管理程度，建立多元回归模型，实证检验了在我国实施管理层股权激励与企业盈余管理行为间存在着正相关关系，有必要进一步加强对股权激励实施过程的监管。