北宋寺观政策与数量探析——兼论《谈苑》“今三万九千寺”的“今”字指代

"景德中,天下二万五千寺,今三万九千寺",这是记载北宋寺观数量的重要史料之一。通常认为"今"字指"嘉祐三年",以此为据,得出北宋真宗朝至仁宗朝寺观激增、佛道膨胀的历史结论。然实际情况却是本时期寺观数量不仅未见激增,僧道人数反而出现骤减。这一寺观数量的巨大变化,系因统计方式和范围不同所致,并非社会现实变化的真实反应。史学研究者忽视政治运行及社会现实的实际状况,单纯将数字拿来说明问题,这违背了史学实事求是的基本原则,并不符合历史的实际情况。     

韦皋与唐代南方丝绸之路的重开

Weigao was one of the famous Jie-dushi ( regional military commissioners ) of the Jiannan Xichuan ( located in today’s southern Si-chuan) in the Tang Dynasty. During the rule of Wei Gao, he successfully defeated the Tubo, and changed the Tang court’s submissiveness in the southwestern region and the fight between the Tang and Tubo along the southern line. He also restored the links between Yunnan and Xichuan including all the way to the Central Plains, and, as a result, the once closed Southern Silk Road was reopened. A further exploration and evaluation of Wei Gao’s actions and his influence on reopening the Southern Silk Road ought to be given. I. Wei Gao’s Alliance with the Nanzhao King-dom and Reopening the Southern Silk Road In 785 A. D. , Wei Gao arrived in Chengdu and was appointed Jiedushi of Jiannan Xichuan. The situation of Jiannan Xichuan at that time was very critical. After the Tianbao war, the Kingdom of Nanzhao, which had unified the area around Er-hai Lake with the support of the Tang in the past, turned against the Tang and publicly announced its alliance with the Tubo. The Nanzhao Kingdom, to-gether with the Tubo, struck the Tang in the south-western region. This shift not only put the Tang in a submissive position in the southwestern region, but also significantly influenced the relations be-tween the Tang and the Tubo. As the Jiedushi of Jiannan Xichuan, Wei Gao became a unique practitioner and actively promoted a joint strategy in Yunnan. After the Tang decided to make an alliance with the Nanzhao Kingdom, relevant actions were taken immediately. However because relations between the Nanzhao Kingdom and the Tang had been broken for many years, at the beginning, Wei Gao could only communicate through some of the tribal chiefs of the Dongman ( Eastern Barbarians) . Through several years of ef-fort and mutual contact, Wei Gao’s endeavors to make an alliance with the Nanzhao, at last, were effective. Wei Gao’s efforts to make an alliance with the Nanzhao certainly involved issues related to trans-portation between Xichuan and the area of Erhai Lake. During that period, the route between Xi-chuan and Nanzhao was not only under military threat from the Tubo, but it was also overseen by the tribes of the Dongman who supported the Tu-bo—this indicated that the line of communication was not in a normal situation. The Southern Silk Road was one of ancient China’s important land trade routes to overseas. In looking at relevant re-cords in the Shiji ( Records of the Historian ) , we can see that this route had been known by people in the Central Plains from at least the Qin and Han dynasties. It was called the“Shushen Dudao” dur-ing the Han dynasty, and the “Xi’er Tianzhu zhid-ao” in the Taizhong period of the Tang dynasty.“Xi’er” refers to Erhai Lake, which was called“Xi’er He” during that time; “Tianzhu”, i. e.“Shendu”, refers to present day India. Since the Qin and Han dynasties, there were two primary routes between Xichuan and the area of Lake Er-hai. One was the Shimendao, also called the Wuchidao or Rongzhoudao, which started from present Chengdu and went through present day Le-shan and Yibin. The other was the Qing Xidao, also called the Lingguandao, Songzhoudao or Qiongnan Yilu,which, started from present Cheng-du, and went through present day Ya’an, and Xichang. These two routes were also called the“North Route” and the“South Route” in the Yun-nan Zhi ( The History of Yunnan) compiled by Fan Cuo in the Tang Dynasty. These two were the main routes between Sichuan and Yunnan on the South-ern Silk Road in the Tang dynasty. In 794 A. D. , the Tang and the Nanzhao Kingdom swore an oath of alliance, and Wei Gao started his plans to reo-pen the routes. By making a comprehensive analy-sis of relevant historical records, we are certain that starting with a plan in the 8th century, and fol-lowing the realization of the alliance between the Tang and Nanzhao as part of the strategy for the Southwestern area, and, together with the success in the fight against the Tubo, the two main chan-nels between Sichuan and Yunnan on the Southern Silk Road were reopened as a result of the concern of Wei Gao at the beginning of the 9th century. II. The Basic Situation of the Route between Sichuan and Yunnan on the Southern Silk Road in the Tang Dynasty and Its Historical Significance It was a long way from Xichuan to the area of Lake Erhai, and, moreover, the situation was also very complicated. Whenever the North Route or the South Route opened, it was not something that was completed immediately; it was a process. Al-though some sections of the road might be comple-ted initially, the opening of the entire route could not be completed within a short time. Through the records of Fan Cuo in his Yunnan Zhi, we can glean a general understanding of the basic situation regarding the reopening of the two main routes be-tween Sichuan and Yunnan along the Southern Silk Road in the Tang Dynasty. Seen from the records of Fan Cuo, there were courier stations along the South Route, so that travelers and their horses could have services and accommodation. It is very significant to note that in addition to the records of courier stations along the route managed by the Xichuan administration, the Yunnan Zhi also recorded that special translators were arranged for facilitating the contact and ex-change between the two sides, i. e. Xichuan and Nanzhao, after the route reached Ezhunling. This detail reflected Xichuan’s attention to the manage-ment of this route, but it also reflected the frequent contact between the people from the two sides of this route and the need for better communication. The road which started from Ezhunling was man-aged by the Nanzhao Kingdom. The situation of the North Route was quite different from the South Route. Based upon an analysis of the records found in the Yunnan Zhi, along the north route, there were not only high mountain, steep slopes, and winding roads, but the traveler also had to pass through many areas inhabited by the Wuman (Black Babarians). So, people were able to pass through the stations only after their words had been translated three or four times. Generally speaking, the conditions along the North Route were worse than those along the South Route. Therefore, al-though the reopening of the South Route was later than the North Route, people usually chose to pass through the South Route after it was reopened. It should be mentioned here that although Fan Cuo’s Yunnan Zhi was compiled during the early years of Xiantong Period in the Tang dynasty, the situation along the route and courier stations recorded in the book were probably not much different from those along the route during the time of Wei Gao. Al-though more than half a century of time had passed the road and courier stations along the South and North Routes might have only had some minor changes, and it was probably generally the same as in the past. Moreover it was unblocked for a long term due to the concern of the both sides. Another point that should be noted here is that although both the South and North Routes connecting Si-chuan and Yunnan on the Southern Silk Road in the Tang dynasty were managed by the administra-tions of Xichuan and Nanzhao separately, seen from the close relations and common demands of the two sides, the construction and management of these two important routes were combined through the negotiation of the two sides’ considerations and demands. As the major supporter for making the alliance with Nanzhao, Wei Gao should be the one who played an active role in this process. Because of the alliance between the Tang and the Nanzhao Kingdom the Tubo suffered a setback in the southwestern region, and they gradually re-treated to the north. Under this scenario, the channels of communication between Sichuan and Yunnan were unblocked, and communication be-tween the envoys from the Tang and Nanzhao be-came more frequent, the local trade developed, and the number of businessmen traversing Sichuan and Yunnan increased. Seen from the perspective of the development of Nanzhao, the frequent ex-changes between the artisans and traders from the two sides via the South and North Routes that ran between Sichuan and Yunnan promoted the eco-nomic and commercial development of Yunnan. In addition, there were many ethnic groups in the Nanzhao Kingdom. These included the Wuman, and Baiman ( white barbarians) . For several dec-ades,“more than a thousand” people from differ-ent ethnic groups went to Chengdu to study. This reflected that the reopening of the Southern Silk Road during the Tang dynasty played an important role in cultural transmission. On the other hand, training youth from the different ethnic groups liv-ing in the Nanzhao Kingdom also had a deep influ-ence on the cultural development of Yunnan. More important is that this action enhanced the commu-nication between the ethnic groups of Yunnan and the Central Plains. In addition, after reopening the road between Sichuan and Yunnan on the Southern Silk Route, the road continued through Nanzhao territory, crossed into the Myanmar-India route, and arrived in South and Southeast Asia. It could be said that Wei Gao’s reopening of the Southern Silk Road was not only helpful for communication between the people of Xichuan, the Central Plains and Yunnan, but it was also helpful for communi-cation between the Tang and the countries of South and Southeast Asia. It should be mentioned that Wei Gao’s reope-ning of the Southern Silk Road was conducted with-in the framework of an alliance with the Nanzhao Kingdom to attack the Tubo. Hence, speaking truthfully, reopening the road was not the main re-sponsibility of the Jiedushi of Xichuan, and was al-so not his main strategic goal. Under the serious situation faced by Jiannan Xichuan, Wei Gao’s main focus during that time was how to contact and make an alliance with the Nanzhao Kingdom so as to take military action against the Tubo. Even if he planned to reopen this road and took some action, it was conducted by targeting his military strategic action. However, reopening the Southern Silk Road could not be separated from the action of making an alliance with the Nanzhao Kingdom. Moreover, after reopening this road, it really pro-moted economic -cultural exchange and develop-ment along the road. Hence, we should give a full understanding and evaluation on Wei Gao’s histori-cal role in it.     

从《益世报》看1927年华北会道门

1927年的华北会道门活动十分猖獗,这既是由动荡的社会环境造成的,也有民众教育水平低下、封建迷信盛行等因素的影响。通过民国名报《益世报》的相关记载,我们可以了解到当年华北会道门活动的特点,并分析这一现象出现的原因以及社会各阶层对此现象的反应。     

北朝妇德教育暨事迹考述

北朝是我国历史上多民族文化交流与融合的重要时期。少数民族倾慕中原礼乐,接受汉化,儒家思想文化得以广为传播,其中儒家妇德理论对北朝妇女亦产生影响。汉族士人诗礼传家;鲜卑贵族延师受教,流风所及,下层妇女亦受熏化。妇德典范事迹,政府奖掖表彰,正史有书;懿德贞行,后人崇仰,墓志有赞。     

《文心雕龙》:尚北宗南与唯务折衷

“唯务折衷”是贯穿《文心雕龙》的思想方法之一,近年来,不断有学者由此入手,重新评价和认识《文心雕龙》。本文拟从刘勰与当时文坛主流的人际关系入手,考察这一思想形成的原因。本文认为,刘勰与当时领袖文坛之“时流”的距离,处于一种若即若离的边缘性微妙状态;而这种状态恰好将他置于南北思想文化的交汇点,使他既在主流之中,又出主流之外。换言之,他既能冷眼旁观,看到圈内弊端,自觉从北方思想文化中汲取养料,思想气质上尚北;又熟悉圈内风气,尊重南风劲吹、文尚新变所取得的成就,审美意识上宗南。所以,“唯务折衷”思想的背后是若即若离的人际关系在起作用     

川北三县市方言语气词"的"

川北苍溪、阆中、广元三县市方言里的语气词"的",除表陈述的语气之外,还有强化与之组合的形容词的程度、动词词义指向的作用,也有强调语气的作用,表示十分肯定、特别强调、语气感叹等语法意义."的"可以单独与形容词、动词组合,也可与"呀"连用再组合,连用之后,语气有所加强.在句法分布上,"的"可与形容词组合为"A的",也可进一步扩展为"ABB的","A的A不的",还可与动词组合为"V的","V人家的"等形式.在句法功能上,上述形式均可作谓语、补语,也可独立成句,不能作定语.     

明清时期荆楚和北方地区端午节俗异同考

端午节与春节、中秋节并称我国三大传统节日。作为一个全国性的节日,端午节俗在不同地区呈现出一定的差异性。本文以明清时期荆楚和北方地区的端午节俗为考察对象,从驱毒辟邪习俗、娱乐休闲活动、端午节的食俗、端午节的时间等四个方面对两地端午节俗之异同略作分析。     

北卡罗莱纳大学招生规划探析

科学的招生规划对于提高高等教育的质量,保障高等教育的多样化有重要的意义,同时也是高等院校实现其战略规划的基础。北卡罗莱纳大学一直把招生放在学校战略规划的重要位置,制定符合学校特色的招生计划,即招生计划以入学预测为基础,具有客观性;各学院根据自身特点制定招生计划,具有灵活性;招生计划符合社会发展要求,具有针对性。北卡罗莱纳大学制定招生规划的原则,特点及其意义,为我国各个高等教育机构制定招生规划提供了有益的启示。     

桂北地区农村出生人口性别比调查报告

课题组选择桂林所属的8个县(区)的7个乡、21个村、1个街道办事处进行了实地调查研究。调查表明:多生孩子已不再是育龄妇女生育的目标,对孩子的质量和男性偏好要求提高;出生人口性别比持续偏高主要表现在二孩上;出生人口性别比失衡不单是经济问题和养老问题,主要是人们的观念问题,一些政策法规的导向也是出生婴儿性别比偏高的原因之一。     

论低碳特区建设的战略及意义——以粤北河源为例

低碳经济是应对金融危机和温室气体排放的全球性新潮流。在我国,建设低碳特区是发展低碳经济的重要措施,是践行科学发展观的必然要求。广东粤北河源等市低碳特区建设的意义、任务和路径,旨在将河源建设成为全国乃至世界著名的低碳示范特区,对其他地区推行低碳经济战略有着示范的作用。