北宋寺观政策与数量探析——兼论《谈苑》“今三万九千寺”的“今”字指代

"景德中,天下二万五千寺,今三万九千寺",这是记载北宋寺观数量的重要史料之一。通常认为"今"字指"嘉祐三年",以此为据,得出北宋真宗朝至仁宗朝寺观激增、佛道膨胀的历史结论。然实际情况却是本时期寺观数量不仅未见激增,僧道人数反而出现骤减。这一寺观数量的巨大变化,系因统计方式和范围不同所致,并非社会现实变化的真实反应。史学研究者忽视政治运行及社会现实的实际状况,单纯将数字拿来说明问题,这违背了史学实事求是的基本原则,并不符合历史的实际情况。     

曹玮与北宋西北边防整饬

北宋前期对西北边防的整饬,曹玮独具慧眼,成绩卓著。他从与西夏李氏政权的斗争、宋蕃关系的调整到弓箭手制度的建立和蕃兵兵种的奠基以及边防堡寨的构筑、土地问题的清理整饬等方面入手,对西北边防进行了全方位的治理,做出了自己的贡献,成为宋代史上一位值得称道的重要人物。     

杰克·伦敦的"北方故事"特色解析

杰克·伦敦一生著述甚丰,然而让他风靡全球的却是他的"北方故事"。本文试图对他的"北方故事"从独创性和地域性两方面进行深入的分析和探讨,从而找出其经久不衰的原因。     

韦皋与唐代南方丝绸之路的重开

Weigao was one of the famous Jie-dushi ( regional military commissioners ) of the Jiannan Xichuan ( located in today’s southern Si-chuan) in the Tang Dynasty. During the rule of Wei Gao, he successfully defeated the Tubo, and changed the Tang court’s submissiveness in the southwestern region and the fight between the Tang and Tubo along the southern line. He also restored the links between Yunnan and Xichuan including all the way to the Central Plains, and, as a result, the once closed Southern Silk Road was reopened. A further exploration and evaluation of Wei Gao’s actions and his influence on reopening the Southern Silk Road ought to be given. I. Wei Gao’s Alliance with the Nanzhao King-dom and Reopening the Southern Silk Road In 785 A. D. , Wei Gao arrived in Chengdu and was appointed Jiedushi of Jiannan Xichuan. The situation of Jiannan Xichuan at that time was very critical. After the Tianbao war, the Kingdom of Nanzhao, which had unified the area around Er-hai Lake with the support of the Tang in the past, turned against the Tang and publicly announced its alliance with the Tubo. The Nanzhao Kingdom, to-gether with the Tubo, struck the Tang in the south-western region. This shift not only put the Tang in a submissive position in the southwestern region, but also significantly influenced the relations be-tween the Tang and the Tubo. As the Jiedushi of Jiannan Xichuan, Wei Gao became a unique practitioner and actively promoted a joint strategy in Yunnan. After the Tang decided to make an alliance with the Nanzhao Kingdom, relevant actions were taken immediately. However because relations between the Nanzhao Kingdom and the Tang had been broken for many years, at the beginning, Wei Gao could only communicate through some of the tribal chiefs of the Dongman ( Eastern Barbarians) . Through several years of ef-fort and mutual contact, Wei Gao’s endeavors to make an alliance with the Nanzhao, at last, were effective. Wei Gao’s efforts to make an alliance with the Nanzhao certainly involved issues related to trans-portation between Xichuan and the area of Erhai Lake. During that period, the route between Xi-chuan and Nanzhao was not only under military threat from the Tubo, but it was also overseen by the tribes of the Dongman who supported the Tu-bo—this indicated that the line of communication was not in a normal situation. The Southern Silk Road was one of ancient China’s important land trade routes to overseas. In looking at relevant re-cords in the Shiji ( Records of the Historian ) , we can see that this route had been known by people in the Central Plains from at least the Qin and Han dynasties. It was called the“Shushen Dudao” dur-ing the Han dynasty, and the “Xi’er Tianzhu zhid-ao” in the Taizhong period of the Tang dynasty.“Xi’er” refers to Erhai Lake, which was called“Xi’er He” during that time; “Tianzhu”, i. e.“Shendu”, refers to present day India. Since the Qin and Han dynasties, there were two primary routes between Xichuan and the area of Lake Er-hai. One was the Shimendao, also called the Wuchidao or Rongzhoudao, which started from present Chengdu and went through present day Le-shan and Yibin. The other was the Qing Xidao, also called the Lingguandao, Songzhoudao or Qiongnan Yilu,which, started from present Cheng-du, and went through present day Ya’an, and Xichang. These two routes were also called the“North Route” and the“South Route” in the Yun-nan Zhi ( The History of Yunnan) compiled by Fan Cuo in the Tang Dynasty. These two were the main routes between Sichuan and Yunnan on the South-ern Silk Road in the Tang dynasty. In 794 A. D. , the Tang and the Nanzhao Kingdom swore an oath of alliance, and Wei Gao started his plans to reo-pen the routes. By making a comprehensive analy-sis of relevant historical records, we are certain that starting with a plan in the 8th century, and fol-lowing the realization of the alliance between the Tang and Nanzhao as part of the strategy for the Southwestern area, and, together with the success in the fight against the Tubo, the two main chan-nels between Sichuan and Yunnan on the Southern Silk Road were reopened as a result of the concern of Wei Gao at the beginning of the 9th century. II. The Basic Situation of the Route between Sichuan and Yunnan on the Southern Silk Road in the Tang Dynasty and Its Historical Significance It was a long way from Xichuan to the area of Lake Erhai, and, moreover, the situation was also very complicated. Whenever the North Route or the South Route opened, it was not something that was completed immediately; it was a process. Al-though some sections of the road might be comple-ted initially, the opening of the entire route could not be completed within a short time. Through the records of Fan Cuo in his Yunnan Zhi, we can glean a general understanding of the basic situation regarding the reopening of the two main routes be-tween Sichuan and Yunnan along the Southern Silk Road in the Tang Dynasty. Seen from the records of Fan Cuo, there were courier stations along the South Route, so that travelers and their horses could have services and accommodation. It is very significant to note that in addition to the records of courier stations along the route managed by the Xichuan administration, the Yunnan Zhi also recorded that special translators were arranged for facilitating the contact and ex-change between the two sides, i. e. Xichuan and Nanzhao, after the route reached Ezhunling. This detail reflected Xichuan’s attention to the manage-ment of this route, but it also reflected the frequent contact between the people from the two sides of this route and the need for better communication. The road which started from Ezhunling was man-aged by the Nanzhao Kingdom. The situation of the North Route was quite different from the South Route. Based upon an analysis of the records found in the Yunnan Zhi, along the north route, there were not only high mountain, steep slopes, and winding roads, but the traveler also had to pass through many areas inhabited by the Wuman (Black Babarians). So, people were able to pass through the stations only after their words had been translated three or four times. Generally speaking, the conditions along the North Route were worse than those along the South Route. Therefore, al-though the reopening of the South Route was later than the North Route, people usually chose to pass through the South Route after it was reopened. It should be mentioned here that although Fan Cuo’s Yunnan Zhi was compiled during the early years of Xiantong Period in the Tang dynasty, the situation along the route and courier stations recorded in the book were probably not much different from those along the route during the time of Wei Gao. Al-though more than half a century of time had passed the road and courier stations along the South and North Routes might have only had some minor changes, and it was probably generally the same as in the past. Moreover it was unblocked for a long term due to the concern of the both sides. Another point that should be noted here is that although both the South and North Routes connecting Si-chuan and Yunnan on the Southern Silk Road in the Tang dynasty were managed by the administra-tions of Xichuan and Nanzhao separately, seen from the close relations and common demands of the two sides, the construction and management of these two important routes were combined through the negotiation of the two sides’ considerations and demands. As the major supporter for making the alliance with Nanzhao, Wei Gao should be the one who played an active role in this process. Because of the alliance between the Tang and the Nanzhao Kingdom the Tubo suffered a setback in the southwestern region, and they gradually re-treated to the north. Under this scenario, the channels of communication between Sichuan and Yunnan were unblocked, and communication be-tween the envoys from the Tang and Nanzhao be-came more frequent, the local trade developed, and the number of businessmen traversing Sichuan and Yunnan increased. Seen from the perspective of the development of Nanzhao, the frequent ex-changes between the artisans and traders from the two sides via the South and North Routes that ran between Sichuan and Yunnan promoted the eco-nomic and commercial development of Yunnan. In addition, there were many ethnic groups in the Nanzhao Kingdom. These included the Wuman, and Baiman ( white barbarians) . For several dec-ades,“more than a thousand” people from differ-ent ethnic groups went to Chengdu to study. This reflected that the reopening of the Southern Silk Road during the Tang dynasty played an important role in cultural transmission. On the other hand, training youth from the different ethnic groups liv-ing in the Nanzhao Kingdom also had a deep influ-ence on the cultural development of Yunnan. More important is that this action enhanced the commu-nication between the ethnic groups of Yunnan and the Central Plains. In addition, after reopening the road between Sichuan and Yunnan on the Southern Silk Route, the road continued through Nanzhao territory, crossed into the Myanmar-India route, and arrived in South and Southeast Asia. It could be said that Wei Gao’s reopening of the Southern Silk Road was not only helpful for communication between the people of Xichuan, the Central Plains and Yunnan, but it was also helpful for communi-cation between the Tang and the countries of South and Southeast Asia. It should be mentioned that Wei Gao’s reope-ning of the Southern Silk Road was conducted with-in the framework of an alliance with the Nanzhao Kingdom to attack the Tubo. Hence, speaking truthfully, reopening the road was not the main re-sponsibility of the Jiedushi of Xichuan, and was al-so not his main strategic goal. Under the serious situation faced by Jiannan Xichuan, Wei Gao’s main focus during that time was how to contact and make an alliance with the Nanzhao Kingdom so as to take military action against the Tubo. Even if he planned to reopen this road and took some action, it was conducted by targeting his military strategic action. However, reopening the Southern Silk Road could not be separated from the action of making an alliance with the Nanzhao Kingdom. Moreover, after reopening this road, it really pro-moted economic -cultural exchange and develop-ment along the road. Hence, we should give a full understanding and evaluation on Wei Gao’s histori-cal role in it.     

科学建立公共养老金管理体系刍议——中东和北非地区养老金发展经验借鉴

笔者认为:第一,建立统一的社保制度有利于劳动力的正常流动,有利于经济的发展;第二,集中的养老金投资管理具有规模效应、可以节约成本,提高效率。第三,完善养老金机构治理是提高养老金投资运营安全性的根本,可以从提高透明度、明确权责、建立可靠的信息披露制度等几个方面提高我国养老金的运营水平。     

村民眼中的“国家”——对华北一个乡村预防“非典”事件过程的考察

本文以民族志方法,详尽考察了华北一个乡村中不同人员为预防“非典”（SARS）而付出的诸多努力及其社会政治影响。基于参与观察和深度访谈,我们借“非典”预防事件考察了日常国家实践和普通百姓对于国家的观念。当地的“非典”预防过程大致经历了村民自我防护行动和官员与百姓联手共同防治两个阶段。研究表明,中国的“国家”,在当地村民看来,既是一个完整的官僚体系,又是一个由分化的且时而矛盾的机构、场域和过程拼成的复合体;更为重要的是,它有不断变化的形象和脸谱。     

五代南方造纸业与北宋“开宝藏”雕印

五代十国是中国历史上的特殊时期,这一时期的印刷业得到较大发展,其中的原因除了印刷技术本身的进步外,还与当时江南的造纸业的发展进步有密切关系;分析比较当时北方造纸与江南造纸的发展差异,证明了正是因为北宋初年特殊的时代背景,以及江南造纸业的发达,才最终成就了北宋开宝<大藏经>得以在四川地区雕印.     

清代词学批评对两大传统词学宗尚的消解

清代词学批评对传统词学宗尚的消解主要体现在两大维面：一是对婉约与豪放词风宗尚的消解,二是对南北宋词宗尚的消解。上述维面中,前者主要体现为对词作体派与风格高下之论的破解,后者主要体现为对词作艺术表现模式优劣之论的破解。此两方面共构互渗,从一个侧面有力地标示出清代词学批评的理论水平与历史高度。     

北朝末期南北文学观念的交融汇合——论滕王逌的文学思想

学界一直对《滕王逌序》这篇文字高度重视,认为它是我们今天可以看到的关于庾信文学才华的最早的批评文献,但至于滕王逌本人的文学思想,却向来罕有人论及。《滕王逌序》这篇极为罕见的至今保存完整的北朝文论资料具有重要的理论意义,足以使我们对滕王逌的文学思想产生较为明晰的印象,同时它也体现了南北朝末期最优秀的文人齐聚长安时文学思想观念上的碰撞和交融。     

朝核危机视阈中的“停战体制”:流变与困境

冷战结束后,朝鲜半岛局势的动荡不安和核危机久拖不决表明,1953年建立的停战机制已经难以适应局势发展的需要,而在东北亚地区构筑新的安全保障机制已成为大势所趋。六方会谈的各参与方在高度重视朝核危机和自身国家利益的同时,都应以客观和现实的态度看待朝鲜的生存关切,尽量规避狭隘的传统地缘政治观念与零和游戏的机械思维,努力从根本上促使朝鲜半岛停战体制的转化与和平机制的理性塑立,这不仅有利于朝核及其连带问题的解决,而且有利于在本地区实现多赢的格局。