亦“民”亦“商”：华北危局中天津商人的双面性格

华北危机将天津商人置于历史“事件”的中心,商人的国民身份因此而凸显,积极抗日的呼声、维持地方秩序的举措,蕴含着“私利”与“国权”的双重考量,而采用抵制日货作为民族主义情感的主要表达形式,更加剧了二者之间的冲突与紧张。既是“国民”,又是“商人”,亦“民”亦“商”,唯有把握此一双重身份,方能真正同情性地理解民族主义运动中商人的诸种表现。     

同盟会分化与"南北议和"--评孙中山"以和平收革命之功"

辛亥革命的发展,敌我斗争出现了新的格局,为此孙中山在不放弃武装斗争的同时并以其为基础进行了"以和平收革命之功"的种种努力,但因不合中国革命实际而终成泡影.历史实践证明,武装革命夺取政权是中国革命唯一正确的道路,同时也说明历史是不可能一帆风顺的向前发展,有时会向后作巨大的跳跃.     

明末清初江苏省扬州市瓜洲于氏南园、于氏北园及其主人考

考证结果表明：明末清初,瓜洲存在南北两个于园,于氏南园和于氏北园。于氏南园在瓜洲城内,是瓜洲于氏的宅园,于氏北园在明代瓜洲城北郊的五里铺。瓜洲于氏南园和于氏北园的主人都是来自瓜洲的于通海家族。“余园”“余氏园”“余氏南园”的名称是因为把园主人的姓氏“于”写成了“余”。于氏北园的建造者或主人可能是于道南。天启、崇祯年间,于氏南园的主人应该是于承祖、于道章。     

Quod vadis? The effect of youth unemployment and demographic pressure on migration in the MENA region

Recent trends in international migration reveal increasing migration outflows from Middle Eastern and North African (MENA) countries. This development is accompanied by a massive rise in youth unemployment and a major increase in the young population in this region. This paper provides a quantitative assessment of migration patterns and analyses the interacting effect of the unfavourable combination of youth unemployment and demographic pressure on migration decisions. Based on an assessment of bilateral migration flows from 19 MENA to 34 OECD countries between 1995 and 2020, we find that youth unemployment plays a significant role in explaining emigration flows from MENA countries. We also find that the migration-generating effect of youth unemployment is contingent upon demographic pressure in the youth cohorts and increases with an increasing number of youths.     

抗战初期中国共产党在华北地区的发展

抗战初期,中国共产党在华北不仅要有效地打击日军,而且还要在国民党的限制中取得自身的发展,维持统一战线不致破裂,同时还要做好对土匪、会道门、联庄和游杂武装的争取工作。中国共产党的乡村动员是党、政、军、民分工协作共同完成的,激发民族主义精神、制定维护人民群众利益的经济政策和扩大政治参与都是中国共产党唤起民众的有效手段。     

Midwife-led continuity of care increases women’s satisfaction with antenatal,intrapartum, and postpartum care: North Shoa,Amhara regional state,Ethiopia: A quasi-experimental study

BackgroundThe provision of midwife-led continuity of care (MLCC) is effective in high-resource settings in improving maternal satisfaction. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of MLCC on women’s satisfaction with care in a low-income/resource setting.MethodA study with a quasi-experimental design was conducted from August 2019 to September 2020 in four primary hospitals in the north Shoa zone, Amhara regional state, Ethiopia. A total of 1178 low-risk women were allocated to one of two groups; the MLCC (intervention group) that received all antenatal, intrapartum, and immediate postnatal care from a primary midwife or backup midwife) (n = 589) and the shared model of care (SMC) group that received care following established practice in Ethiopia, care from different staff members at different times) (n = 589). Data for this paper were collected using face-to-face interviews at the women’s home at the end of the postpartum period. The study’s outcome was the mean sum-score of satisfaction with care through the antenatal, intrapartum, and postnatal period continuum, where mean sum-scores range from 1 (lowest) to 5 (highest).FindingsCompared with SMC, MLCC was associated with statistically significantly higher satisfaction with all continuity of care (4.07 vs. 2.79 adjusted mean difference 1.27, 95% CI 1.18–1.35; p < 0.001), during antenatal care (4.14 vs. 2.81 adjusted mean difference 1.33 (95% CI 1.22–1.52), intrapartum care (3.83 vs. 2.71 adjusted mean difference 1.06 (95% CI 0.88–1.23) and postnatal care (5.46 vs. 3.71 adjusted mean difference 1.75 (95% CI 1.54–1.94)).ConclusionMLCC increased women's satisfaction with maternity care for women at low risk of medical complications. These findings confirm that the MLCC model will be applicable in the Ethiopian health care system with similar settings.     

英国政府与南北和谈——以关余问题为中心

1918～1919年南北和谈前后,英国政府出于维护自身在华权益的需要,利用关余问题向南北双方施加压力,以达到促成和谈的目的。北京政府迫于压力,最终同意分拨部分关余给南方政府。然而让英国始料不及的是,这一举措,不仅未能促使双方和谈成功,反而使南方政权获益匪浅。