采用营养调控措施降低猪场环境污染的研究进展概况

本文综述了降低猪场环境污染所采用的营养调控措施 ,阐明了提高动物生产性能应与保护环境有机结合起来的观点。     

Assessment of an e-training tool for college students to improve accuracy and reduce effort associated with reading nutrition labels

Objective: Nutrition labels are often underutilized due to the time and effort required to read them. We investigated the impact of label-reading training on effort, as well as accuracy and motivation. Participants: Eighty college students (21 men and 59 women). Methods: The training consisted of a background tutorial on nutrition followed by three blocks of practice reading labels to decide which of two foods was the relatively better choice. Label-reading effort was assessed using an eye tracker and motivation was assessed using a 6-item scale of healthy food-choice empowerment. Results: Students showed increases in label-reading accuracy, decreases in label-reading effort, and increases in empowerment. Conclusions: The nutrition label e-training tool presented here, whether used alone or as part of other wellness and health programs, may be an effective way to boost students’ label-reading skills and healthy food choices, before they settle into grocery shopping habits.     

Resolving design issues in developing a nutrition app: A case study using formative research

Mobile phone apps have become ubiquitous in health, but they often fail to demonstrate effectiveness in achieving behavior outcomes among intended users. A failure to conduct formative research on app content or functions may contribute to some of this shortfall. We describe simple research procedures we followed when building a nutrition app for low-income household cooks. Our studies improved the placement and design of key screen controls, helped select and guide an illustrator who created graphic support for textual content, and tested whether adding secondary users to the primary audience would attract additional app use.Whether because of these preliminary tests, or for other reasons, our app has generated heavy use by its intended market and has demonstrated desired effects on client behavior. We offer our experiences in formative evaluation as potential tools for other app developers to adapt to their circumstances.     

Process evaluation of the ‘Singapore Physical Activity and Nutrition Study’

IntroductionThe Singapore Physical Activity and Nutrition Study (SPANS) aimed to improve the physical activity (PA) and nutrition behaviours of Singaporean women aged 50 years and over. The SPANS program consisted of PA classes, nutrition workshops, telephone dietary counselling, health booklets, a health calendar and program ambassadors. This study aimed to assess and understand the implementation of the program strategies and gain insight into process evaluation components to inform future programs.MethodsThe evaluation was guided by a process evaluation framework and collected data via questionnaires (n = 209), program ambassador documentation and exit interviews with program completers (n = 13) and non-completers (n = 12).ResultsIn total, 295 participants completed the program (response rate = 84 %). Participants reported high levels of satisfaction with the overall program (99.5 %) and program activities (96.7 %), and also rated program ambassadors highly. Participation rates were highest for telephone dietary counselling sessions. The main reason for not attending program activities was having a ‘busy schedule’ (n = 158). Participants cited a need for improved recreational centre facilities and increased flexibility around program delivery.ConclusionsThe process evaluation showed that the program strategies were implemented as planned and were deemed suitable for supporting behaviour change among Singaporean women aged 50 years and over. The program reached and involved the majority of participants throughout the six months. The combination of practical educational resources and supportive program ambassadors were key strategies that facilitated positive PA and dietary behaviours. However, there needs to be some flexibility in the delivery of programs. The findings of this research may inform other programs in the region.     

《营养与食品卫生学》的实践教学改革

对《营养与食品卫生学》的实践教学内容进行改革,有助于发展学生的创新思维,增强他们的实际操作能力。从更新实验内容、提高教师的实践能力入手,进而开设创新性实验项目、增加实验室的开放等方面进行尝试,并制定行之有效的措施,以促进学生综合素质的提高。     

我国居民医疗资源利用状况的不平等

医疗资源利用状况的不平等,是指不同收入组的居民在利用医疗资源方面存在显著的差异。根据2004年的中国营养与健康调查(CHNS)数据,用多元logit模型估计出我国居民医疗支出的价格弹性和收入弹性,结果表明:低收入的居民偏向于到基础医院就诊,高收入的居民偏向于到高级医院就诊;与高收入的居民相比,低收入居民受到的收入约束更大,特别是在患重病的时候,低收入居民的医疗费用更高,经济负担更重。     

Nutrient intake in day workers and shift workers

The 24-h dietary intake, nutritional status parameters and psychosomatic factors of two-shift, three-shift and day workers were compared. Estimations of the dietary intake (across a work cycle) were made by use of a nutrient database. No significant differences were found between the groups for a large number of nutritional variables: intake of energy; intake and percentage of energy from protein, fat, total carbohydrates and sucrose; intake of coffee; and intake and density of vitamins and minerals. Only minor differences were found between the groups with regard to the quantitative intake of alcohol and calcium, and with regard to the quality of the diet (percentage of energy from alcohol, density of calcium). The groups differed significantly with respect to attitude towards work hours (three-shift workers being most negative in their attitude) and sleep disturbances (shift workers being most negative). The three-shift workers were more evening-oriented and they had higher concentrations of glucose in their blood. It was concluded that work hours not related to nutritional intake—at least not when total amounts across time are considered. It was also concluded that work hours were not related to Body Mass Index or blood lipids: triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL (low-density lipoprotein) cholesterol and HDL (high-density lipoprotein) cholesterol.     

Children-at-Risk from Poor Nutrition: Advancing the Approach and Practice of Students of Social Work

Limited attention has been given in the social work profession to working with children-at-risk from poor nutrition despite the detrimental effect that lack of proper nutrition can have on the development of children. A study examining the extent of inclusion of nutrition-related-components in work with children-at-risk, the frequency of inclusion of these components and the barriers hindering their inclusion was conducted with 126 social work students in Israel. The findings indicate that there is less emphasis on nutrition-related components than on psycho-social components, a low frequency of including this subject in assessment and intervention of children-at-risk, and a low level of collaboration with specialists in the area of nutrition. In addition, it was found that knowledge-based barriers and, to a lower extent, institutional-related systemic barriers may hinder future professionals' capabilities to incorporate those components, despite their favorable approach towards this subject. The findings illuminate a need to advance a more balanced approach between the bio and the psycho-social aspects in academic and training programs. There is also a need to reduce the barriers about knowledge relevant for social workers in situations of poor nutrition and to advance an interdisciplinary orientation with specialists in this area.     

Fertility In England: A Long-Term Perspective

This paper deals with two aspects of long-run fertility trends in England. First detailed and widely comparable fertility measures (Coale's indices) are reconstructed for England from the mid-sixteenth century to the present. Secondly the extent and nature of local and regional variation in those indices is discussed. The calculation of Coale's indices has never previously been attempted for so long a time span. Doing so requires the use of several different sources of information and a new method for combining them. The results provide significant insights into the development of the distinctive English demographic regime. The analysis of spatial patterns makes it apparent that local, rather than regional, variation was the main source of different fertility patterns in the nineteenth century. These patterns are obscured when counties or larger units are made the framework for analysis.