民族地区高师英语专业课程设置问题与对策

民族地区普通高师英语专业课程设置存在的主要问题表现为三个不足,即师范性不足、实践性不足和市场适应性不足。课程设置改革应该以“四种能力”为导向,坚持师范性,加强实践性,提高学生的英语教学创新能力和教学实践能力,为成功就业和创业做好充分准备。     

A review of interventions to prevent Type 2 Diabetes after Gestational Diabetes

BackgroundGestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) during pregnancy is a risk factor for the development of Type 2 Diabetes (T2DM) within 15 years, and prevention programmes have been problematic.QuestionThe aim of the study is to identify effective strategies and programmes to decrease the risk of T2DM in women who experience GDM, the barriers to participation, and the opportunities for midwives to assist women in prevention.MethodsEnglish language, peer reviewed and professional literature published between 1998 and 2013 were searched. A systematic review of the literature was undertaken, included studies were then appraised for quality and finally findings of the studies were thematically analysed.FindingsThis review identified that there are interventions that are effective, however most lifestyle changes are difficult to translate into everyday life. As the incidence of GDM is expected to rise, midwives’ role in promoting long-term health behaviours requires further review.ConclusionsWomen need to overcome barriers and be supported in making the behavioural changes necessary to prevent T2DM following GDM. Midwives as the primary carers for women in pregnancy and childbirth are ideally positioned to educate women and engage them in lifestyle and behaviour programmes that prevent the onset of Type 2 Diabetes.     

The Father Friendly Initiative within Families: Using a logic model to develop program theory for a father support program

The transition to fatherhood, with its numerous challenges, has been well documented. Likewise, fathers’ relationships with health and social services have also begun to be explored. Yet despite the problems fathers experience in interactions with healthcare services, few programs have been developed for them. To explain this, some authors point to the difficulty practitioners encounter in developing and structuring the theory of programs they are trying to create to promote and support father involvement (Savaya, R., & Waysman, M. (2005). Administration in Social Work, 29(2), 85), even when such theory is key to a program's effectiveness (Chen, H.-T. (2005). Practical program evaluation. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications). The objective of the present paper is to present a tool, the logic model, to bridge this gap and to equip practitioners for structuring program theory. This paper addresses two questions: (1) What would be a useful instrument for structuring the development of program theory in interventions for fathers? (2) How would the concepts of a father involvement program best be organized? The case of the Father Friendly Initiative within Families (FFIF) program is used to present and illustrate six simple steps for developing a logic model that are based on program theory and demonstrate its relevance.     

‘Man up!’ bullying and resilience within a neoliberal framework

This study investigates perceptions in relation to bullying, with a particular focus on discussions around resilience, drawing on data from focus group interviews with young people (mean age 14 years old), parents and teachers (N?=?40). We view self-conduct and the governance of human behaviour as situated within a neoliberal framework, locating accountability and responsibility within the individual. Our methodological framework consists of a multi-level ‘synthesised’ discourse analysis. Firstly, drawing on discursive psychology, we focus on the interactive accomplishments of talk, such as managing facts, blame and accountability. The second level of discourse analysis focuses on the wider discourses that participants draw on to make sense of themselves, including common sense discourses and ideologies. In their narratives, the participants construct resilience in relation to bullying in terms of individual empowerment, responsibility and ‘manning up’; a skill that can be taught and acquired. Not only that, long-term implications of bullying are negated in favour of a neoliberal approach towards self-responsibility in the here and now. This has implications for strategies in relation to bullying and supporting young people in building resilience. More research is needed to establish key notions in relation to resilience, and the multidimensionality of protective factors in relation to bullying.     

禽康灵对鸡防病助长的效应观察

禽康灵为纯中药复方制剂,对鸡具有防病助长的作用。试验表明,应用禽康灵的鸡发病率、死亡率均低于空白对照组,分别低25.22％、11.17％;试验中,试验组各批各小组平均体重较空白对照组多增重24.5g、91.0g、108.0g、10.5g、24.3g和61.2g。     

Defining the severely mentally disabled

A definition of the "known target population of severely mentally disabled" in community mental health centers is examined. Criteria include intensive treatment contact and persistent, severe disability, but not diagnosis. Feasible and reliable screening procedures are demonstrated. In the identified population, most subjects at some time had received a diagnosis of schizophrenia and had been on public assistance. These criteria apply to catchmented treatment systems and should be useful in services research.     

Estimates of the Number of Liver Carcinogens in Bioassays Conducted by the National Toxicology Program

Estimates were made of the numbers of liver carcinogens in 390 long-term bioassays conducted by the National Toxicology Program (NTP). These estimates were obtained from examination of the global pattern of p-values obtained from statistical tests applied to individual bioassays. Representative estimates of the number of liver carcinogens (90% confidence interval in parentheses) obtained in our analysis compared to NTP's determination are as follows: female rats—49 (23, 76), NTP = 30; male rats—88 (59, 116), NTP = 35; female mice—131 (105, 157), NTP = 81; male mice—100 (73, 126), NTP = 61; overall—166 (135, 197), NTP = 108. The estimator from which these estimates were obtained is biased low by an unknown amount. Consequently, this study provides persuasive evidence of the existence of more rodent liver carcinogens than were identified by the NTP.     

美国对外粮食援助政策演变及其对中国的启示

作为中国推进解决全球饥饿问题和促进粮食安全的一个路径,对外粮食援助的重要性日益增强。美国拥有世界上最庞大和最完备的国际粮援体系,总结其可供借鉴之处,具有一定的现实意义。本文在梳理美国各历史时期粮援政策背景和主要措施的基础上揭示了其经验和教训,并对中国粮援政策可能面临的争议焦点进行了辨析。研究发现,随着国内外农业和外交形势的变化,美国粮援经历了从单纯的余粮处置机制到外交政策工具,再到缓解饥饿和营养不良的粮食安全方案的演进过程;当前对美国粮援批判主要集中在国内农业利益优先和响应紧急需求效率低下,着眼于提高受援国粮食生产能力以及“一带一路”设施联通的推进有助于中国避免遭受类似的争议。最后,从框架构建、援助内容、执行主体和透明度建设等方面阐明了中国粮援的实现路径。