Political Opportunity and Nested Institutions

Scholars use the concept of 'political opportunity structure' to explain how the political context affects the differential development and influence of ostensibly similar movements. Although the concept promises to become an important analytical tool for comparative studies, to date it is underspecified and undertheorized. It also faces new challenges in this era of increased transnational activism and more extensive scholarly recognition of activist ties across borders. In this paper I argue that assessing opportunity by looking exclusively at national political structures neglects the important role that international factors, such as alliances and transnational movements, play in constraining both states and their challengers. I begin by reviewing the literature on opportunity and drawing a synthesis between it and the literature on domestic influences of international politics. I argue that political institutions are nested in a larger international context, and that the tightness or looseness of that nesting affects the range of possible alliances and policy options available within states. I examine this framework by looking at New Zealand's decision in 1984 to prohibit port visits by nuclear-powered ships or ships that might be carrying nuclear weapons. I conclude by calling for more research that recognizes the interplay of national opportunities and international structures.     

Did PRWORA's mandatory school attendance policy increase attendance among targeted teenage girls?

The purpose of this paper was to examine if the school-attendance requirement of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA) significantly increased attendance among the teenage girls that the policy targeted. This study applied difference-in-difference and difference-in-difference-in-difference methods to 12 years of cross-sectional data from the October Supplement of the Current Population Survey while isolating the effects of PRWORA from the effects of other factors that might have influenced the target population's school attendance. The findings indicated that PRWORA, overall, did not have significant positive impacts on school attendance; rather, the policy was associated with a small but significant reduction in school attendance of U.S.-born disadvantaged teenage girls between 1996 through 1999 and essentially no effects on the target population thereafter.     

我国农村剩余劳动力转移中的情感成本研究

劳动力转移的情感成本是转移者和家人对情感的极大需求与彼此在空间上脱离的矛盾所产生的成本,它具有涉及人群多、数量大、内隐性强、易忽视、时间的边际递增和诱发相关成本高等特点。情感成本可以在假设本地存在一个与外地一样企业、并不计旅费的前提下,用人们愿意放弃情感享受而得到的工资增量来衡量。通过加强农村富余劳动力的就地转移、提高农民工的待遇、做好留守人员的安抚工作、落实休假和带薪休假制度、做好农民工探亲的交通工作等来降低情感成本。     

中国农业面对“入世”的机遇与挑战

本文介绍了《乌拉圭回合农业协议》的主要内容，并对“入世”对我国农业带来的有利和不利影响作了详尽的分析，提出了中国农业抓住机遇，迎接“入世”挑战，促进我国农业发展的对策和建议。     

Blazing new trails or opportunity lost? Evaluating research at the intersection of leadership and entrepreneurship

More than a decade ago, scholars formally conceptualized the potential synergy between leadership and entrepreneurship scholarship. Our work highlights research accomplishments occurring at the interface of these two intellectual areas as well as identifying untapped possibilities for continued research. We highlight how recent efforts have witnessed a mutual exchange of ideas that present opportunities benefiting both fields. Drawing from four key domains of entrepreneurship previously proposed to mutually inform future leadership research efforts, we make suggestions for integrating entrepreneurial opportunities, the roles of individual and entrepreneurial teams, the modes of organizing entrepreneurial ventures, and differing entrepreneurial environments with key trends important to leadership research, such as servant leadership and leader-member exchange theory. Overall, our work provides an assessment of the state of the art surrounding the coalescence of leadership and entrepreneurship research and sets an agenda for the next decade of research at this intersection.     

全球化进程中的中国文学选择

随着全球文化共识的达成 ,世界通用语言符号的形成和电子传媒在文学上的广泛应用 ,文学全球化的进程就会加快。文学全球化对中国文学而言 ,既是机遇也是挑战。面对全球化的挑战 ,中国文学应理性地审视把握 ,通过与外民族文学自觉的交流和借鉴 ,坚持文学个性 ,创造文学精品 ,增强自己在全球范围内的文学竞争能力 ,使世界更好地了解中国 ,使中国文学及早走向世界     

美国高等教育公平问题的历史透析

在世界范围内,美国最早实现了普及高等教育目标。然而,高等教育中的不公平问题却日益凸显。本文从历史的角度考察了美国高等教育中存在的不公平问题及其形成的原因,分析了美国争取为实行教育公平所采取的路径,最后得出结论:美国高等教育中的不公平问题是美国国家目标及教育政策历史地形成的,解决这一问题需要一个长期的过程。     

机会不等与收入不均:城乡家庭收入的代际流动

文章提出了机会平等的定义,并给出了二阶随机占优条件下的检验方法。在控制子女努力水平后,利用CHNS数据从代际流动的角度考察了基于家庭背景的机会不等对子女收入的影响。分位回归结果表明,随着分位数的提高,城乡子女收入差距越来越小,但由于机会不等而引起的差异却存在扩大的趋势。建议政府加强对农村教育的投入,提供更多就业培训,为农村子女的发展创造更多的机会。     

新能源产业:四川的机遇、挑战与战略对策

随着全球气候变暖及世界性能源危机的加剧,发展新能源产业似乎已经成为应对危机的共同选择。正当中国新能源产业风生水起之时,却从欧美等发达国家率先发出质疑之声,使新能源产业遭遇重重困境。提出新能源产业的战略目标,设计制定突破新能源产业困境的战略措施,可为四川省的能源安全、环境保护与可持续发展提供理论依据和实施方案。     

我国对SSA直接投资的问题及对策

近年来，在政府“走出去”战略的指导下，我国对SSA直接投资快速发展。在明确我国对SSA直接投资的基本情况、主要领域、投资政策等的基础上，从多方面分析我国企业在对SSA直接投资过程中存在的问题及影响因素，如投资总额少、投资规模小、投资结构不合理、投资国际竞争激烈、政治环境差异较大、SSA国家投资法律复杂等，并从政府和企业两个角度对我国投资SSA提出相应的政策建议。