中国的跳鼠

跳鼠类是温带荒漠和草原的代表性啮齿动物。它们具有一系列适于荒漠和草原生活的形态特征及行为。全世界有跳鼠30种,分布于亚洲、欧洲和北非,其分布区基本上与旧大陆干旱地区的界线一致。中国有跳鼠11种,分别隶属于7属。本文根据跳鼠化石的出土地区和有些原始跳鼠的分布现状,认为包括中国、蒙古人民共和国和苏联在内的亚洲中部,可能是跳鼠类的起源地和分布中心。 跳鼠是多种人鼠共患疾病的传播者,应注意它们在动物流行病中的作用。     

灰关联聚类分析方法碘乏病防治效果评价中的应用

本文以灰色系统理论为基础,创立了碘缺乏病防治效果评价分析方法,并通过实例证实其评价方法的简洁性、灵活性和有效性,其结论可为指导防治工作提供依据。     

Risk Assessment of Virus in Drinking Water

The reevaluation of drinking water treatment practices in a desire to minimize the formation of disinfection byproducts while assuring minimum levels of public health protection against infectious organisms has caused it to become necessary to consider the problem of estimation of risks posed from exposure to low levels of microorganisms, such as virus or protozoans, found in treated drinking water. This paper outlines a methodology based on risk assessment principles to approach the problem. The methodology is validated by comparison with results obtained in a prospective epidemiological study. It is feasible to produce both point and interval estimates of infection, illness and perhaps mortality by this methodology. Areas of uncertainty which require future data are indicated.     

An Analysis of Changes in the Risk of Mortality from Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease, 1968-1977

Nonlinear hazard models are used to examine temporal trends in the age-specific mortality risks of chronic obstructive lung diseases for the U.S. population. These hazard functions are fit to age-specific mortality rates for 1968 and 1977 for four race/sex groups. Changes in the parameters of these models are used to assess two types of differences in the age pattern of the rates between 1968 and 1977. The first measure of trend in the age-specific mortality rates is the temporal change in the proportionality constant in the function used to model their age variation. By allowing only this proportionality parameter to vary between 1968 and 1977, it is possible to determine an age-constant percentage increase or decrease. The second measure reflects the absolute displacement in terms of years of life of the fitted mortality curves for the two time points. This second index can be interpreted as the acceleration or deceleration of mortality risks over the life span, i.e., the number of years that is needed for mortality rates to achieve the same level as in the comparison group. The analysis showed that the age changes in chronic obstructive lung disease mortality rates differed by race/sex group and for both measures of change over the period. Adjustment of the fitted curves for the effects of individual variability in risk was significant for three of four groups.     

An Infection Control Program for a 2009 Influenza A H1N1 Outbreak in a University-Based Summer Camp

Abstract

Objectives: Describe two 2009-H1N1 influenza outbreaks in university-based summer camps and the implementation of an infection control program. Participants: 7,906 campers across 73 residential camps from May 21–August 2, 2009. Methods: Influenza-like-illness (ILI) was defined as fever with cough and/or sore throat. Influenza A was identified using PCR or rapid-antigen testing. We implemented an infection control program consisting of education, hand hygiene, disinfection, symptom screening, and ILI case management. Results: An initial ILI cluster involved 60 cases across 3 camps from June 17–July 2. Academic Camp-1 had the most cases (n = 45, 14.9% attack rate); influenza A was identified in 84% of those tested. Despite implementation of an infection control program, a second ILI cluster began on July 12 in Academic Camp-2 (n = 47, 15.0% attack rate). Conclusions: ILI can spread rapidly in a university-based residential camp. Infection control is an important aspect of the medical response but is challenging to implement.     

Assessment of Cardiovascular Risk in Collegiate Football Players and Nonathletes

Abstract

Collegiate American football players may be at risk for cardiovascular disease. Objective: To compare cardiovascular disease risk factors and cardiovascular structure and function parameters of football players, stratified by position, to a group of sedentary, nonathletes. Participants: Twenty-six collegiate football players and 13 nonathletes participated in this study. Methods: Blood pressures, anthropometrics, and blood chemistries were obtained and analyzed using standardized procedures. Resting echocardiography was used to evaluate cardiac morphology and function. Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation was assessed using high-resolution ultrasonography. Results: The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was significantly higher amongst the linemen compared to the skill-position players (46% versus 0%, p < .05). Mildly abnormal wall thickness was noted in 20% of the football players. No significant differences in vascular function were observed between the groups. Conclusions: The increased prevalence of the metabolic syndrome and its components in the collegiate linemen may increase cardiovascular disease risk.     

Picturing Empire and Illness

Reflecting on recent debates within cultural studies on non-Western modernities and ‘cultural studies in/of Asia’, this essay explores a cultural history of venereal disease (VD) in Korea under Japanese colonial rule (1910–1945). The colonial representation of and discourse on VD in Western colonial settings was often built around a missionary medical account of sin and disease and a colonial dialectic of white civilization and non-white backwardness. This essay draws attention to the colonial discourse on VD in the non-Western Japanese Empire and its East Asian context, which compels us to look into the colonial framing of disease and bodies in imperial contexts where ruler and ruled shared close racial, cultural and religious affinities and where colonial medical power did not stem from white hegemony and Christian religious authority. By using methods from cultural studies and feminist history, this essay uncovers and critically reads the Japanese colonial medical and popular cultural archives on VD that range from state documents to laboratory reports to patent medicine advertisements, in order to reconfigure Japan's colonial medical empire and its underlying, gendered assumptions. It clarifies not only the legal, military and institutional bases for the intense governmental control over VD, but also the cultural image, metaphor and knowledge of VD and the biomedical female body promoted by Japan's transnational patent medical industry in close collaboration with the colonial state. By doing so, this essay sheds light on the gendered epistemic violence of Japanese colonialism.     

肠道病毒71型景德镇分离株全基因组序列分析

目的分析2011年景德镇地区重症手足口病患儿标本肠道病毒71型（EV71）分离株2011JDZ35全基因组序列特征。方法采集重症手足口病患儿咽拭子标本,进行病毒分离和逆转录一聚合酶链反应（RT．PCR）扩增分离病毒的全基因组序列,并进行全基因组核苷酸序列测定,参考EV71A、B、C各基因型的参考毒株和国内外分离毒株进行同源性分析并构建系统发生树。结果2011JDZ35株的基因组长度为7406bp,其中包括5’端非编码区（5’UTR）长742bp,病毒基因组编码区（ORF）全长6582bp及3’端非编码区（3’UTR）长82bp。ORF编码含2193个氨基酸残基的多聚蛋白。2011JDZ35株基因组的结构与FY08-C30-P14、EV71／Ningbo．CHN／065／2010、HZ08／Hang-zhou／2008十分接近,整个基因组的核苷酸同源性分别为97．3％,97．3％,97．7％;氨基酸同源性为99．1％,99．2％,99．2％。均属于C4亚型,而与Cox．A16国际标准株G10（U05876）及EWl国际标准株BrCr（U22521）差异较大,核苷酸同源性分别仅为77．5％,80．0％;氨基酸同源性为89．8％,94．8％。结论EWl型病毒2011JDZ35株全基因组的组成和结构符合肠道病毒特征,与其他EV71型病毒具有相同的基因组结构,2011JDZ35株与中国大陆浙江宁波株亲缘关系最近,与阜阳株和杭州株等中国大陆内陆地区分离株较近,而与马来西亚、我国台湾、厦门分离株的差异较为明显,与国际标准株则有较大差异;2011JDZ35株与浙江宁波株具有共同的进化途径,推断2011JDZ35株与浙江宁波株可能共同来源于2008年中国大陆地区流行的Ev7l病毒株同一种系。     

The Self-Forgiveness Process of Caregivers After the Death of Care-Receivers Diagnosed With Alzheimer's Disease

ABSTRACT

This study explores the relationship of self-forgiveness and adaptive coping, religious/spiritual practices, social support, decreased grief, and mental well-being. 133 caregivers were surveyed. Bivariate analysis and stepwise regression models revealed that decreased grief, adaptive coping, and social support were significant in explaining the variation in self-forgiveness. This is one of the first studies to address self-forgiveness as part of the grieving process of Alzheimer's caregivers. Future directions are explored supporting inclusion of self-forgiveness as an aspect of grief and adaptive coping; which is further enhanced by the level of social support experienced by the caregiver.