Smart friendly liars: Public perception of public relations practitioners over time

Two national surveys of the U.S. public in 2003 and 2012 asked participants to list words describing public relations practitioners. Analyses reveal that the majority of the words related to practitioner personality and intellectual traits were positive, while the ethical terms used to portray practitioners remained predominately negative over the last decade.     

Meta-stereotypes and meta-prejudice: Some suggestions for future research

Abstract

The present paper shows a process directly related with meta-stereotypes and that may influence intergroup relations: meta-prejudice. Meta-prejudice refers to the way in which people expect other groups to feel about their group. The main question is whether the obtained findings about meta-stereotypes are just the consequence of activated meta-stereotypes, or whether it is meta-prejudice that caused the effects. Previous research by Gordijn and colleagues about the relation between meta-stereotypes and meta-prejudice, how they are activated and their effect on intergroup relations are analyzed and discussed.     

青少年同伴关系对自我意识发展的影响

从心理学的角度，分析自我意识形成和发展的途径与青少年自我意识的特点，探讨青少年同伴关系对自我意识发展的影响，具有一定的现实意义。     

孔子与柏拉图论人际关系之比较

人际关系是在社会生活实践中人们通过物质交往和精神交往而发展和建立起来的人与人之间的关系，对于研究伦理关系具有十分重要的作用。孔子和柏拉图作为东西方重要的思想家，他们关于人际关系的论述不仅对各自国家的文化产生了深远的影响，而且对东西方不同文明的发展起到了引导作用。在充分阐述孔子与柏拉图各自对人际关系论述的基础之上，比较两人的观点，不仅有助于了解他们各自的思想，也有助于进一步研究东西方伦理关系的特点和规律，对现代社会中如何构建良好的人际关系显然具有重要的借鉴意义。     

Employee perceptions of reputation: An ethnographic study

The ability of organizational members to identify and analyse stakeholder opinion is critical to the management of corporate reputation. In spite of the significance of these abilities to corporate reputation management, there has been little effort to document and describe internal organizational influences on such capacities. This ethnographic study conducted in Red Cross Queensland explores how cultural knowledge structures derived from shared values and assumptions among organizational members influence their conceptualisations of organizational reputation. Specifically, this study explores how a central attribute of organizational culture – the property of cultural selection – influences perceptions of organizational reputation held by organizational members. We argue that these perceptions are the result of collective processes that synthesise (with varying degrees of consensus) member conceptualisations, interpretations, and representations of environmental realities in which their organization operates. Findings and implications for organizational action suggest that while external indicators of organizational reputation are acknowledged by members as significant, the internal influence of organizational culture is a far stronger influence on organizational action.     

Perceived professional standards and roles of public relations in China: Through the lens of Chinese public relations practitioners

As the first quantitative examination of perceived public relations professional standards in China using an online survey, this study was designed based on the standards of professional standards inventory Cameron, Sallot, & Lariscy (1996) constructed and tested among practitioners in the U.S. The survey results suggest six dimensions of perceived standards of professional performance: (1) role and function in organizational strategic planning, (2) sufficiency in professional training and preparedness, (3) gender and racial equity, (4) situational constraints, (5) licensing and organizational support, and (6) participation in the organizational decision-making team. Four dimensions of public relations roles were also identified by the survey participants: (1) brand promotion facilitator, (2) public information specialist, (3) media relations counsel, and (4) conflict management expert. Primary practice area was found to affect how Chinese practitioners perceive the six clusters of professional standards and the four identified public relations roles. These findings provide insights for both practitioners and researchers on how Chinese public relations practitioners view public relations as a profession and how the profession currently holds its professional standards in China.     

Response-Response Relationships in Organizational Behavior Management

Abstract

The issue of behavioral covariation has been a topic of interest to behavior analysts for many years. Many writers have used the term response generalization interchangeably with behavioral covariation. In this paper, we argue from the extant literature that the term “response generalization” should be used to describe only very specific occasions of behavioral covariation. In fact, we argue, response generalization is merely one of at least six types of behavioral covariation observed in organizational behavior management studies. After describing response generalization, the remaining five types of response-response relations we describe are: (1) physiological relations, (2) when target behaviors occasion related behaviors, (3) when target behaviors reinforce related behaviors, (4) when target and related behaviors are maintained by the same reinforcing stimulus, and (5) covariation through participation in verbal relations. We conclude by discussing the potential for additional research on this topic in the area of verbal relations.     

Sleeping with a Vampire

The research explores the narrative frames of recent vampire TV and cinematic stories with a special focus on the construction of gender relations and female agency in order to determine whether these narratives conjure up any liberating or empowering potential for their audience. The most significant elements of vampire fiction are taken into account: the central position of the heroine, power relations, love triangles, and the objectification of male characters. The identified common patterns both reflect and generate a crucial shift in Western sexual politics; at the same time, they address the burning concerns this shift has aroused, invoking the anthropological concept of “reflexivity.” The analysis is further couched in the debate on female empowerment and post-feminist gender representations in popular culture, including the idea of sexual subjectivity and a diagnosis of post-feminism as “double entanglement.” The described changes within the contemporary vampire narratives should not be, however, simplified as new forms of sexist discourse.     

“9·11”事件后美国与印度尼西亚军事关系的正常化

冷战时期，美国与印度尼西亚在大部分时间里保持着密切的军事关系。1991年帝力事件后，美国政府行政部门在国会的压力下中止了对印度尼西亚的军事援助。1999年8月东帝汶公投独立后，印度尼西亚军方及其支持的民兵对东帝汶进行了攻击，美国国会对两国军事关系进一步作出限制，两国军事关系跌入低谷。“9·11”事件后，随着亚太地区安全形势及力量平衡的微妙变化，美国政府行政部门积极推动恢复两国的军事关系，在印度尼西亚有巨大利益的美国大公司和印度尼西亚政府也都积极游说美国政府行政部门和国会。这些因素促使两国军事关系实现了正常化，美国全面恢复了对印度尼西亚的军事援助。     

Tweeting democracy? Examining Twitter as an online public relations strategy for congressional campaigns’

Considering the integral relationship between public relations and democracy (Martinelli, 2011) coupled with the growing use of social media for democratic aims (Smith, 2011) the current study examines the effectiveness of Twitter as a public relations communications tool for congressional campaigns. Specifically, as a means of testing Twitter's effectiveness in informing and engaging voters, congressional candidate and political party Twitter use for all 435 U.S. House of Representatives races (N = 1284) are compared with 2010 election outcomes. Results indicate that candidates’ Twitter use significantly increased their odds of winning, controlling for incumbency and Party ID. Additionally, significant differences between incumbents’ and challengers’ Twitter use during the election cycle emerged, which has important implications for public relations practices aimed at achieving democratic outcomes.