满铁机构设置及其实质

南满洲铁道株式会社在其存在的近40年中更换总裁17人次，大的机构改革21次，这种频繁的机构增设更迭，无一例外都是为了扩大侵略、加速掠夺。其庞大的机构设置包罗了工农商学各业，构成地地道道的“满铁王国”。“满铁”通过下设的各分支机构，对我国进行经济掠夺，政治扩张，文化渗透，并配合侵华日军进行了大量的罪恶活动。     

Diversity of vascular plants growing on walls of a Brazilian city

City walls are very specialized environments, conditioned by human activities. There is little information about plants that invade human-made habitats, and no study done in Brazil with plants growing up on walls. The aim of the present study was to survey the wall vascular flora of a Brazilian city, comparing the diversity found in its downtown and neighborhoods. Fieldwork was done in Jundiaí, São Paulo State, where data was collected in downtown and in five neighborhoods. In each place, three transects of 1 km were established and every plant individual was registered. Twenty-eight species were identified, all of them on the downtown transect and most also on the neighborhood transects. Five species were the most frequent, although none were dominant. The diversity indicies of the six transects were not significantly different, with an overall diversity of H′ = 2.93.     

A generalized estimating equation method for fitting autocorrelated ordinal score data with an application in horticultural research

Summary.  Generalized estimating equations for correlated repeated ordinal score data are developed assuming a proportional odds model and a working correlation structure based on a first-order autoregressive process. Repeated ordinal scores on the same experimental units, not necessarily with equally spaced time intervals, are assumed and a new algorithm for the joint estimation of the model regression parameters and the correlation coefficient is developed. Approximate standard errors for the estimated correlation coefficient are developed and a simulation study is used to compare the new methodology with existing methodology. The work was part of a project on post-harvest quality of pot-plants and the generalized estimating equation model is used to analyse data on poinsettia and begonia pot-plant quality deterioration over time. The relationship between the key attributes of plant quality and the quality and longevity of ornamental pot-plants during shelf and after-sales life is explored.     

中国外来有害生物入侵的环境影响及举措

该文阐述了中国外来有害生物入侵的现状;分析了外来物种入侵的主要方式和环境影响及其原因;指出了我国外来有害生物入侵的损失概况,并提出了预防外来有害生物入侵的举措。     

“转型”期的传统文化主体架构变革定位思考

文化作为一种流体,总是产生于特定的时间和社会地域空间,并影响,修复,变迁着社会结构。但是,随着中国社会整体结构的急剧转型,计划向市场经济的过渡,官本位向"金本位"思想的转变,传统农业向现代文明的平移,民族文化与外来文化交织碰撞,全球化及工商时代利益格局的重新风化组合,使得传统文化的主体架构已经不太适应这一急剧的变化需要,也与整体社会结构呈现出很大的不协调。如何在"转型"的关键时期反思,调整并革新传统文化主体架构,探索并确定与时代同步的并保持扩张生存力的文化价值观,促进社会整体结构的匹配与升级,将是我们面临的重大理论问题。本文将从文化的内涵,传统文化架构及与海洋文化特征对比等方面论证分析,并具有针对性的提出了"转型"期主流文化的变革方向和领域,对研究文化问题和决策具有一定的借鉴意义。     

Markov Chain Monte Carlo Methods for Fitting Spatiotemporal Stochastic Models in Plant Epidemiology

Strategies for controlling plant epidemics are investigated by fitting continuous time spatiotemporal stochastic models to data consisting of maps of disease incidence observed at discrete times. Markov chain Monte Carlo methods are used for fitting two such models to data describing the spread of citrus tristeza virus (CTV) in an orchard. The approach overcomes some of the difficulties encountered when fitting stochastic models to infrequent observations of a continuous process. The results of the analysis cast doubt on the effectiveness of a strategy identified from a previous spatial analysis of the CTV data. Extensions of the approaches to more general models and other problems are also considered.     

Bioeconomics of Managing the Spread of Exotic Pest Species with Barrier Zones

Exotic pests are serious threats to North American ecosystems; thus, economic analysis of decisions about eradication, stopping, or slowing their spread may be critical to ecosystem management. The proposed bioeconomic model assumes that the rate of population expansion can be reduced (even to negative values in a case of eradication) if certain management actions are taken along the population front. The area of management can be viewed as a dynamic barrier zone that moves together with the population front. The lower is the target rate of spread, the higher would be both benefits and costs of the project. The problem is to find the optimal target rate of spread at which the present value of net benefits from managing population spread reaches its maximum value. If a population spreads along an infinite habitat strip, the target rate of spread is optimal if the slope of the cost function versus the rate of spread is equal to the ratio of the average pest-related damage per unit time and unit area to the discount rate. In a more complex model where the potential area of expansion is limited, two local maxima of net benefits may exist: one for eradication and another for slowing the spread. If both maxima are present, their heights are compared and the strategy that corresponds to a higher value of net benefits is selected. The optimal strategy changes from eradication to slowing the spread and finally to doing nothing as the area occupied by the species increases. The model shows that slowing the spread of pest species generates economic benefits even if a relatively small area remains uninfested. The cost of slowing the spread can be estimated from a model of population expansion via establishment of isolated colonies beyond the moving front. The model is applied to managing the spread of the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) populations in the United States.     

植物病理学实验教学改革的研究

针对传统教学方法造成的学生对植物病理学实验兴趣不高 ,缺乏主动性等问题 ,笔者对植物病理学实验教学提出了改革设想 ,即从课程安排、教学内容、教学方法和考核机制等方面入手 ,学生在掌握基本实验操作技能的基础上 ,根据所学专业和个人兴趣 ,分组自行选题 ,查阅大量有关资料后 ,自行设计实验方案 ,在教师的指导下 ,在探索中掌握知识 ,培养技能。经过初步尝试 ,结果表明 ,学生在实验中 ,其实验操作技能、分析问题和解决问题的能力得到很大地提高 ,同时提高了专业素质和道德素质 ,激发了学习兴趣     

试析福泽谕吉的国权扩张论和武力侵华策

日本近代学者福泽谕吉既是日本思想界的资产阶级启蒙大师,也是日本鼓吹强权政治的狂人。在甲午中日战争前,他先后提出了"东洋盟主论"和"脱亚入欧论",大肆鼓吹"国权扩张论";同时还竭力叫嚣"武力侵华策",企图通过对华侵略战争谋求日本在东亚的霸权。他的对外扩张言论紧密呼应了明治政府的军国主义"大陆政策",他因而成为日本推行东亚近代殖民主义扩张路线的主要鼓吹者。     

维特与1895年中俄四厘贷款

1895年的中俄《四厘借款合同》和《声明文件》,是俄国对华经济侵略方式发生转变的标志,是中俄经济关系史上的一个重大事件。俄国进入帝国主义阶段的特点;沙皇政府和维特在中俄四厘贷款中的决定作用;中俄四厘贷款的性质及其历史后果,并对维特本人进行评价。