当代形式语义研究新进展——意义研究从静态向动态的转向

形式语义学把语言处理为一种静态系统,而动态语义学则认为语言理解是一个动态的、变化的过程,更加注重对话语意义的研究.而对动态语义学的基础概念"信息状态"有"个体的理解"和"社会的理解"两种,应正确对待意义研究动态转向给意义的理解带来的深远影响.     

Urban community as resource: Evaluation of the mentors in Toledo schools program

We report findings from an evaluation of the Mentors in Toledo Schools program (MITS), which pairs adult community volunteers with elementary school students in need of reading support. Begun in 2012, MITS now operates in five elementary schools in Toledo Public Schools. A quasi-experimental study of 379 students (n = 128 mentored, n = 251 comparison) tested the effectiveness of MITS, using changes (fall to spring) in students’ scores on STAR Reading. Multilevel models demonstrate students who participated in MITS made statistically significant, and educationally meaningful, reading gains compared to students who did not participate. Further, an investigation of the importance of dosage revealed that number of mentoring sessions is related to students’ outcomes; students who participated in reading mentoring at least once per week showed the most educationally meaningful improvements. We also report qualitative feedback from adult program participants, including teachers, mentors, and site coordinators, to help contextualize the STAR Reading results. These findings speak to the opportunity for community volunteers to act as low-cost and effective supports for urban elementary school students who are at-risk for reading failure.     

Using logic model and visualization to conduct portfolio evaluation

Portfolio evaluation is the evaluation of multiple projects with a common purpose. While logic models have been used in many ways to support evaluation, and data visualization has been used widely to present and communicate evaluation findings, adopting logic models for portfolio evaluation and using data visualization to share findings simultaneously is surprisingly limited in the literature. With the data from a sample portfolio of 209 projects which aims to improve the system of early care and education (ECE), this study illustrated how to use logic model and data visualization techniques to conduct a portfolio evaluation by answering two evaluation questions: “To what extent are the elements of a logic model (strategies, sub-strategies, activities, outcomes, and impacts) reflected in the sample portfolio?” and “Which dominant paths through the logic model were illuminated by the data visualization technique?” For the first question, the visualization technique illuminated several dominant strategies, sub-strategies, activities, and outcomes. For the second question, our visualization techniques made it convenient to identify critical paths through the logic model. Implications for both program evaluation and program planning were discussed.     

Using theory of change as a framework for examining community context and philanthropic impact

As part of the process of examining their theory of change (TOC) and reflecting on grant making activity, one Midwestern foundation employed a multipronged strategy to assess 209 community-based mental health grants across seven years of funding. This article details the evaluation approach, which comprised these areas of the TOC: grantees’ use of evidence-based interventions, cultural competency, quality improvement, community collaboration, and use of integrated care. Inductive analyses identified grantees’ use of innovative practices, trauma-informed care, and use of validated instruments. In an iterative exercise spanning multiple years, the foundation and researchers found ways to gather information about community capacity and impact while simultaneously minimizing grantee data collection/reporting burden. Findings revealed that community agencies were improving in their uptake of evidence-based interventions and use of validated instruments. Community grantee use of trauma informed care also improved over the study period. Grantee desire to collaborate and coordinate services within the community was also strong. The research also revealed that in multiple domains (such as technology and non-profit operating costs) grantees needed support in building agency capacity. These findings shed light on which aspects of the foundation’s TOC were being addressed through funding, and which areas of the community needed additional support.     

翻译研究动静观

翻译是过程也是结果。从翻译过程来看,翻译是"语境重构"的跨文化跨语言交际过程,从翻译结果来看,翻译是产生同原文等效的译文。翻译过程研究催生以译者为中心的翻译动态研究,从狭义角度看,是翻译语境研究,即从译者视角考察翻译过程中的"语境重构",以及由此产生的宏观翻译策略及微观翻译方法的研究;从广义角度看,是从研究者视角进行包括翻译语境在内的源语语境、原文语境和译语语境、译文语境的翻译语境化研究。翻译结果研究产生以译文为中心,重视译文批评的翻译质量评估的静态研究,涉及翻译质量评估模式的建立和翻译质量评估参数的设定等。两种翻译途径殊途同归,从不同角度研究翻译本质。     

翻译中社会文化语境制约下的语义偏移

社会文化语境对语义内涵有制约作用,是读者建立文化系统关联并进行语义理解及迁移的重要保证和现实基础。翻译中语义的迁移也不是简单的移植过程,而是基于语境的再创造,即在对目标语读者的文化认知框架预测的基础上,进行以引申为机制的语义偏移。语义偏移分别表现在主题关联、文化意象处理、思维习惯差异、价值观差异、语义空缺等方面。翻译中的语义偏移是在语言间产生动态对应的重要表现。     

认知语境视角下社交语用失误成因分析

跨文化交际的本质是人与人之间的交际,对社交语用失误的解读必须考虑交际参与者的主观能动性和认知能力.在跨文化交际中,若认知心理状态不同的交际者对彼此制约交际的社交文化规约的心理可及程度较低,加上交际的瞬时性和省力原则的作用,说话人对听话人的认知语境假设选择的判断可能与听话人的真实认知语境假设选择不符,使得听话人推理出的说话人交际意图和说话人真实的交际意图不一致,从而导致社交语用失误.     

语用中的话语歧义及其翻译中的语用策略

从语言学的角度研究语言中的歧义现象由来已久。本文拟从语用学的新视角,以奥斯丁-塞尔的言语行为理论为依据,结合具体语境,着重探讨无意和有意两种话语歧义并提出相关的翻译策略。     

国际视野下的社会主义改革脉络辨微

社会主义与市场经济的融合是社会主义改革的逻辑主线,"帕累托最优化"理论衍生的社会主义经济问题大讨论构成了社会主义改革的理论渊源。20世纪中期以南斯拉夫、匈牙利为代表的东欧社会主义国家的"分权市场社会主义"模式开创了实践视域中的社会主义改革。苏东社会主义改革的失败孕育了改革模式的分野,诞生了"市场主导"的西方市场社会主义思潮。国际社会主义改革的逻辑演进启示我们,必须坚持社会主义与市场经济融合的改革路径,完善国家干预经济的改革理论,坚持"结构型"改革的路径抉择,构建社会主义与市场经济"多维融合"的制度模式,提升中国特色社会主义的理论与实践内涵。     

自然语言逻辑预设问题探究

预设的研究,无论是运用"恰当性"方式的角度;还是命题"真值条件"方式的角度,都不能只关注语言的表达功能,而且还必须关注语言的传达交际功能.在分析语境运用条件及语用语境基础上,研究自然语言逻辑预设的特征、功能及作用尤有意义.