甘肃省城市妇女婚姻家庭状况的调查分析

甘肃省绝大多数妇女的婚姻将呈现出一个逐步趋于稳定的发展趋势 ,城市妇女的婚姻质量将有所提高但也存在一些不稳定的因素 ,由于种种原因 ,婚姻中男女不平等的现象仍将继续存在 ,离婚率将继续上升。社会和有关决策者都应重视和关心这一问题 ,以期从根本上减少乃至清除这些不利因素 ,使其呈现出健康向上的发展态势     

Exotic plant invasions in forested wetlands: effects of adjacent urban land use type

There are a variety of land use types in urbanized areas that may have different effects on the ecological characteristics of patches of natural vegetation. In particular, residential housing and industrial land-use may have different effects on adjacent forest communities. We tested this hypothesis by examining the vegetation of forested wetlands in a densely urban region, northeastern New Jersey. Wetlands embedded in industrial areas were much less invaded by exotic plant species than were wetlands embedded in residential areas, as reflected in the number of exotic species, the fraction of the total flora that was exotic, and their frequencies of occurrence. Few other structural characteristics of the vegetation differed between the two types of urban areas. We suggest that the management of land adjacent to forest edges may explain this surprising result. The low rate of invasion of wetlands within industrial areas suggests they could have high conservation value in urban ecosystems.     

Urban areas as hot-spots for introduced and shelters for native isopod species

Isopod assemblages were studied in Budapest, capital of Hungary. The analyses of literary and field data revealed a high species richness (28 species), compared to the total species number (57) in Hungary. Habitats characteristics for the city were categorized as native forests, urban forests, gardens of Buda, gardens of Pest, public parks, densely built-up areas and botanical gardens. We hypothesized that isolated and diverse habitat patches in the city matrix of Budapest support the introduction and establishment of exotic species and the survival of native ones. The composition of assemblages varied among sampling sites, but were characteristic for the biotope categories. We concluded that forests, parks and gardens play an important role in the survival of native isopod populations. Species numbers were highest in the gardens of Buda and in the botanical gardens (both 17 species). The overall presence of cosmopolitan and disturbance-tolerant species indicates an ongoing homogenization process.     

URban Biotopes of Aotearoa New Zealand (URBANZ) (I): composition and diversity of temperate urban lawns in Christchurch

Christchurch urban lawns are dominated by non-native grasses and forbs. However, we document considerable plant diversity; the total number of species encountered in our 327 sampled lawns was 127, although 80 species occurred in <2% of lawns. Seven distinct lawn communities were identified by Two-Way INdicator SPecies ANalysis using occurrence of 47 species that occurred in > 2% of lawns. Our ability to explain variation in species composition was surprisingly good and indicates intensity of lawn maintenance such as frequency of mowing, irrigation, fertiliser, and herbicide use and whether clippings are removed or not plays the major role. Species richness significantly declines with an increase in total area of contiguous lawn, leaf litter cover, the presence of grass clippings, and on loamy soil. Hence, park lawns with coarser management had lower species richness than residential lawns. Native species were more prevalent in well tended residential lawns, where more frequent mowing and removal of clippings or litter build-up diminishes shoot competition or shading. There is tremendous potential for more native species in New Zealand lawns which would contribute substantially to the conservation of endangered lowland herbaceous flora.     

建党九十年党的指导思想与时俱进的伟大历程及基本规律

建党90年来,党的指导思想经历了一个与时俱进、不断发展的伟大历程。党的＂七大＂确立毛泽东思想为党的指导思想,开始了党的指导思想与时俱进的伟大征程;党的＂十五大＂确立邓小平理论为党的指导思想,是党的指导思想与时俱进的重要里程碑;党的＂十六＂大确立＂三个代表＂为党的指导思想,书写了党的指导思想与时俱进的新篇章;党的＂十七大＂确立科学发展观为党的指导思想,继续推进着党的指导思想与时俱进的发展进程。党的指导思想有着与时俱进的基本规律。     

索罗金关于城乡社会学的研究及其对中国的启示

著名社会学家索罗金通过城乡制度、文化、组织结构与人口等方面的对比分析,提出城乡分化多源于人们思维的建构。 起初,城乡的差异较小,之后二者差异出现短暂性的扩大,随着城市化的发展,形成乡村城市化,最终城市社区和农村社区融为一体。 因此,他将发展“城乡连续体冶作为城乡发展的目标。 索罗金这一思想启示我们,中国的城乡关系可以从宏观、中观和微观三个层次入手,分别从国家体制、社区组织与个人行动出发来探索构建“城乡连续体冶的具体策略,最终实现城镇化的包容性增长与城乡融合。     

对中国城镇职工基本养老保险现状的反思——半数省份收不抵支的本质、成因与对策

中国城镇职工基本养老保险制度存在一个悖论：一方面,基金快速增长,支付能力空前提高;但另一方面,在剔除财政补贴之后,却有半数省份企业部门基本养老保险基金收不抵支。中国城镇职工基本养老保险财务状况存在的这种巨大差异性,是各省之间不同的历史债务、制度赡养率、经济发展水平、劳动力流动空间分布等四个因素共同作用的结果。解决这个问题的根本出路在于实现全国统筹,因为在全国统筹条件下,14个省份的当期支付缺口将会被养老保险基金的快速增长和支付能力的空前提高所“内在化”。但是,统筹层次提高到全国水平将存在普遍的道德风险和逆向选择问题,最终有可能致使养老保险制度陷入较大的财务风险之中。这就是目前仍以县、市统筹为主,只有四五个省份实现省级统筹的主要原因。基于这个分析,在一定时期内,半数省份收不抵支的解决办法只能是依靠财政转移支付,其结果必然是一方面推动养老保险基金规模不断增长,另一方面,在养老保险基金投资体制十分落后和投资回报率十分低下的情况下,财政资金宏观运用低效。为此,改革养老保险基金投资体制迫在眉睫。     

论城市基层政权与居民自治的有机衔接

随着我国计划经济体制向市场经济体制的转换及居民自治的成长,客观上要求实现城市基层政权与居民自治协同治理城市社区的有机衔接。然而在现实中,城市基层政权与居民自治之间存在着矛盾和冲突:城市基层政权要求强化对城市社区的行政控制,弱化居民自治;而居民自治则要求减少行政干预,力求摆脱城市基层政权的控制。要解决这一矛盾,实现城市基层政权与居民自治的有机衔接,需要采取的对策是:(一)合理分权,明晰职责;(二)协同治理,实行法治;(三)培育中介,架构桥梁。     

城市灾害应急能力评价的基本框架

不断频发的各种各样突发事件和灾害,使整个社会对城市灾害管理问题的关注程度日益增强.在社会经济发展的非预期因素和意外风险持续增加的情况下,迫切要求我们强化各级政府应对突发事件的能力,而实施国家应急能力评价正是加强各级政府应急能力建设的重要举措.本文从现实和理论的高度分析了开展应急能力评价是全面加强城市灾害应急管理能力建设的重要基础工作,从而提出我国实施应急能力评价的框架内容.     

京津冀都市圈城市蔓延演化模型及其治理路径研究

中国经济增长方式转变背景下的城市空间增长与演化,已经成为国内外城市地理和城市规划学界理论研究的前沿问题。以都市圈为基本研究对象,基于城市经济和城市规划比较分析的视角,构建都市圈城市蔓延的演化模型,分析城市蔓延过程中的异速生长特性,进一步阐述京津冀都市圈以“减荷”为主的城市蔓延治理路径,为实现都市圈城市空间协调发展提供理论依据和政策导向。