草原牧歌、乡村悲歌与城市挽歌的交响——王新军小说论

作为第三代西部小说家中的佼佼者,王新军的创作个性鲜明,风姿多态。在草原牧歌、乡村悲歌与城市挽歌的交响中,较为完整、全面和深刻地体现了千里河西走廊丰富多元的人们的生存样态和精神状况,极大拓展了当代中国西部文学的审美边界和文化色谱。     

城市贫困治理范式的转变——多元化治理的视角

一直以来,中国城市减贫坚持“政府主导,社会参与”,虽然在政策层面“社会参与”是减贫策略之一,但在操作层面,“社会参与”往往停留于动员热心人士捐款捐物,而未看到它的真正力量源于社会组织所带来的减贫创新。基于广州市W慈善会的个案研究,探究多元化贫困治理的运作逻辑及其政策含义。提出应当把一颗颗孤立的爱心和一项项零散的行动汇聚成组织化的公民参与力量,创新社会参与渠道,深化官民合作机制,更好地发挥NPO和社会资源在贫困救助中的作用。     

缩小我国城乡青少年网络应用差距的思考

目前我国青少年群体的网络应用规模不断扩大,应用范围逐渐广泛,并在向着持续健康的方向发展,但是目前城乡青少年网络应用还存在着较大差距,如何缩小这种差距,并逐步引导城乡青少年合理有效地利用网络还需进一步探讨。     

Neighborhood history as a factor shaping syringe distribution networks among drug users at a U.S. syringe exchange

Throughout the U.S., high visibility drug markets are concentrated in neighborhoods with few economic opportunities, while drug buyers/users are widely dispersed. A study of Pittsburgh Syringe Exchange participants provides data on travel between and network linkages across neighborhoods with different levels of drug activity. There are distinct racial patterns to syringe distribution activity within networks and across neighborhoods. Pittsburgh's history suggests that these patterns emerge from historical patterns of social and economic development. Study data demonstrate the ability of IDUs to form long-term social ties across racial and geographic boundaries and use them to reduce the risk of HIV transmission.     

试论贫困大学生就业难的主要原因及其对策

大学生就业形势日益严峻,而贫困大学生是大学生就业竞争中的弱势群体,客观存在的不利因素,在很大程度上影响了他们的就业。文中就贫困大学生就业难现状及其成因作了分析,提出了解决贫困大学生就业问题的对策。     

An Ecological Approach to Examining Cumulative Violence Exposure Among Urban,African American Adolescents

Using an ecological approach, this study examined experiences with community, family, and partner violence within a sample of 280 urban, African American high school students. The prevalence of each type of violence by gender, associations between severe violence exposure, and the rate of exposure to multiple types of violence were examined. Findings include high rates of exposure to each type of violence, with significant gender differences on several indicators of community violence and intimate partner violence victimization; among the female students, associations between each type of severe violence exposure; and a very high rate of exposure to two or more types of violence. Implications for social work practice are discussed.     

EMME／2在武汉市的应用

将ＥＭＭＥ／２用于武汉市１９９８年的综合交通分析，作者在交通基本数据的产生、调查结果的调整和一些重大项目的预测中均采用了ＥＭＭＥ／２。在应用过程中，作者对结果的充实和软件的高效非常满意，但也发现了一些问题，我们期望ＥＭＭＥ／２中文化，友好的窗口与ＧＩＳ的连通等方面作些改进，使其能得到更常规与广泛的应用。     

Difficulties with estimating city-wide urban forest cover change from national, remotely-sensed tree canopy maps

Two datasets of percent urban tree canopy cover were compared. The first dataset was based on a 1991 AVHRR forest density map. The second was the US Geological Survey’s National Land Cover Database (NLCD) 2001 sub-pixel tree canopy. A comparison of these two tree canopy layers was conducted in 36 census designated places of western New York State. Reference data generated by photo-interpreting the tree cover on 1994 and 2002 orthoimages were compared on a city-wide basis to estimates of the tree cover derived from the AVHRR and NLCD tree canopy maps. Comparison of the AVHRR-based estimate with the 1994 photo-interpreted reference showed low accuracy and high variability. The comparison between the NLCD-derived estimate and 2002 photo-interpreted values had higher accuracy but shows a consistent under prediction bias for all tree cover values. In comparing the two photo-interpreted reference sets, little actual change was detected for this study region. Assessing change using differences between the imagery-based AVHRR and NLCD urban tree cover datasets is shown to lead to erroneous results.     

City-wide relationships between green spaces,urban land use and topography

The growing proportion of human populations living in urban areas, and consequent trends of increasing urban expansion and densification fuel a need to understand how urban form and land use affect environmental quality, including the availability of urban green spaces. Here we use Sheffield as a case study of city-wide relationships between urban green space extent, quality (vegetation cover and tree-cover), and gradients in urban form and topography. The total area of buildings and length of the road network are equally strong negative predictors of extent of green space, while the former predictor is a more important negative influence upon green space quality. Elevation positively influences extent of green space but negatively influences tree-cover. In contrast, slope of terrain positively influences green space quality and is the best predictor of tree-cover. Overall housing density is a more important negative predictor of extent of green space and tree-cover than the densities of individual housing types. Nevertheless, the latter are more important influences upon levels of vegetation cover. Threshold effects of densities of different housing types suggest opportunities for optimising green space quality, with implications for housing policy. Variation in ecological quality of green space may partly reflect different historical intensities of industrial activity.     

亲历见证：社会转型期的 中国都市电影

摘要：  自20世纪90年代早期开始，中国内地的电影文化面貌一直处于急剧的变化之中。十年之间自上而下的经济体制改革，加剧了国有电影制片厂面临的资金负担。当这些现实压力迫在眉睫时，一种标新立异的 “小众电影”在国有制片厂的围墙内外蔚然兴起。代表着此类电影的主要是笔者和同行们称之为“都市一代”的导演及其拥趸。实际上，这种都市电影所拥有的社会影响力远远超出了“小众”的范围。这不仅由于它刚刚兴起，更是因为它非同一般地专注于1990年代以来的中国社会结构和城市身份的破坏与重建。“都市一代”电影带着独立徽章。虽然“独立”意味着重重负累，却仍然可以说这是它最为重要的属性，很多更年轻的导演从一开始就确立了其在体制和资金上的独立性。他们辞去了国有制片厂分配的工作，投入到小成本的地下电影中，而且在未得到官方许可的情况下参加国际电影节。从这个意义上说，“都市一代”同由国家教育和分配工作的前几代导演最关键的区别就在于不同的社会身份、专业身份和美学观点。作为“都市一代”的一个重要分支，“业余电影”的出现与新纪录片运动十多年的发展有着不可分割的联系。该运动与实验叙事电影发展轨迹平行，有时相互交叉，从技术手段来看，“业余电影”作为一种电影实践的民主形式，对其概念形成及广泛传播发挥重要催化作用的不是笨重的胶片摄像机，而是视频摄像机以及更时兴的数码摄像机和编辑软件。文章最后一部分大致勾画出世纪之交迅速涌现的影迷俱乐部团体及其新的观看方式，强调了“都市一代”作为一个用来描述和分析的范畴所具有的广阔的经验范围以及概念上的种种可能性。作为分散在各地但却通过互联网和参观活动越来越紧密地联系在一起的力量，这些地方小团体逐渐形成了非正式的草根运动。从私人性的影吧，到游牧式的影迷俱乐部，再到特定类型的电影形式(尤其是短片和DV电影)，它们把这种草根运动包装成了潜力巨大的“小众”电影，这种潜力足以令电影的知识和实践从此转型。