《隋唐演义》与《红楼梦》

《隋唐演义》的成就虽然无法与《红楼梦》相比,但无论是在人物塑造、小说结构还是写法上都对《红楼梦》的创作产生了一定的影响。隋炀帝和贾宝玉两个人物之间有十分明显的传承关系;唐玄宗梅、杨二妃的对比对钗、黛并置的设计有一定启发;西苑与大观园等也有很多相似之处。此外,仙人转世的模式、情与政结合的写法以及贯穿其中的感伤情绪等在《红楼梦》中也可以见到其影子。《红楼梦》在继承的同时又有创新,因而使小说有了永久的魅力。     

Communicating Conservation Status: How Different Statistical Assessment Criteria Affect Perceptions of Extinction Risk

Although alternative forms of statistical and verbal information are routinely used to convey species’ extinction risk to policymakers and the public, little is known about their effects on audience information processing and risk perceptions. To address this gap in literature, we report on an experiment that was designed to explore how perceptions of extinction risk differ as a function of five different assessment benchmarks (Criteria A–E) used by scientists to classify species within IUCN Red List risk levels (e.g., Critically Endangered, Vulnerable), as well as the role of key individual differences in these effects (e.g., rational and experiential thinking styles, environmental concern). Despite their normative equivalence within the IUCN classification system, results revealed divergent effects of specific assessment criteria: on average, describing extinction risk in terms of proportional population decline over time (Criterion A) and number of remaining individuals (Criterion D) evoked the highest level of perceived risk, whereas the single‐event probability of a species becoming extinct (Criterion E) engendered the least perceived risk. Furthermore, participants scoring high in rationality (analytic thinking) were less prone to exhibit these biases compared to those low in rationality. Our findings suggest that despite their equivalence in the eyes of scientific experts, IUCN criteria are indeed capable of engendering different levels of risk perception among lay audiences, effects that carry direct and important implications for those tasked with communicating about conservation status to diverse publics.     

“秦学”方法谬误论——平议《刘心武揭秘红楼梦》

将《红楼梦》看成家族兴衰史、宫廷斗争史的所谓"秦学",尽管至今尚在市场走俏,其实是对小说文本的误读和曲解。因为错误地应用了种种"读法"和"解法","秦学"已经重蹈索隐红学之覆辙,注定将以破产为结局。     

Final report of the Color Additive Scientific Review Panel

The Color Additives Scientific Review Panel considered whether there was information sufficient to perform a carcinogenic risk assessment on the colors D&C Red No. 19 (R-19), D&C Red No. 37 (R-37), D&C Orange No. 17 (O-17), D&C Red No. 9 (R-9), D&C Red No. 8 (R-8) and FD&C Red No. 3 (R-3) and to evaluate the assessments sent to FDA as part of the petitions for use of the colors for drug and external uses by the Cosmetic, Toiletry and Fragrance Association (CTFA). There is a lack of human data concerning the colors for making a human health assessment, so the assessments are based upon the extrapolation of animal data. The risk assessments are determined for exposure to single chemicals. Excluded from consideration are possible effects from exposure to multiple chemicals, such as co-carcinogenesis, promotion, synergism, antagonism, etc. In the light of recent efforts in establishing a consensus in risk assessment, the Panel has determined that the CTFA assessments for R-10, O-17, and R-9 are consistent with present acceptable usages, although it questions some of the assumptions used in the assessments. The Panel identified a number of general assumptions made, and discusses their validity, their impact on total uncertainty, and the potential options to address the gaps in understanding that necessitate the assumption. The Panel also derived revised risk estimates using more "reasonable" assumptions than "worst-case" situations, for 90th percentile and average exposure. For those assumptions that are easily quantifiable, the Panel's estimates are less than an order of magnitude lower than the CTFA risk estimates, indicating that the underestimates and overestimates of the CTFA risk estimates tend to balance each other. The impact of most of the assumptions is not quantifiable. The assessment for R-3 is complicated by the fact that there is no good skin penetrance study for this color. It was assumed that the penetrance is similar to that of another water-soluble xanthene color, R-19. It is expected that the absorption of the color is not likely to exceed that of the smaller molecule, R-19. Therefore, the risk estimates are similar to the CTFA estimates, but with different reasoning. The estimates for R-8 and R-37 are different from the others in that there is a lack of any exposure or toxicological information on these colors.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)     

中国红十字会救护总队部的"林可胜时期"(下)

救护总队部的“林可胜时期”(1938～1942年),是中国红十字会抗战救护最辉煌的时期。文章依据档案、当时的报刊、文献、口述历史资料及该会内部资料,考察了中国红十字会救护总队部的组建、空间及内部组织结构变迁、与卫训总所的关系以及“内部风潮”的潜滋暗长对抗战救护事业的多元效应,弥补了相关研究的不足。     

红十字的起源及其在中国的传播--纪念中国红十字会诞生一百周年

中国红十字运动,是国际红十字运动的组成部分.文章溯本求源,对红十字的起源及其在中国的传播情况,进行考察,并提出在中国红十字的启蒙运动中,"二孙"即孙中山、孙淦,推波助澜,功不可没.     

茅盾小说与"红楼"情结

“红楼”情结是茅盾经久的“图像仓库”的土壤。但这种情结不是板块式地嵌入的 ,而是经由转化、挪移、重组化合而生成的。这种历史的承传 ,可以是正面的 ,也可以是负面的。同时 ,这种对民族文化的吸取是在与中外艺术的多元交糅的关系中 ,融通建构的。     

《红楼梦》“大荒山”并非长白山——与陈景河先生商榷

《红楼梦》中的“大荒山”并非陈景河先生所误引的《山海经·大荒西经》中“大荒山”,也与长白山无关,乃“荒唐言”耳。不能认为《红楼梦》主旨是写满族的兴衰史,表现的是中原腐朽文化和关外满族原始素朴文化的冲突等等。红学研究必须讲究科学的“方法论”。     

梦幻如织缘情深－－《红楼梦》梦境描写综论

"情",指人的各种感情欲望,是<红楼梦>中揭示得最为深透,表现得最为成功的重要内容.梦因情而生,曹雪芹在书中写了大小数十种梦幻,说到底都是为表现"情"服务的.情切切,情未了.梦是情的派生物,作者对书中人物的梦幻写得细腻、逼真、传神,变化多端,熠熠生辉.所揭示的情更是浓烈、厚重、含蓄、深沉,丰富多采,耐人寻味.情与梦浑然一体,梦与情对表现人物揭示主题可谓双峰对峙,相得益彰.     

科学论证的歧途

本文逐条批驳了欧阳健<关于脂批的"针对性"和锋芒所向>一文中对<红楼梦>中所谓"重评型"脂批的解释及其有关结论,指出欧阳健为了论证其"程前脂后"的观点,已经滑入了牵强求证的末路.