冲突与趋同:世界贸易组织法在欧盟的适用

世界贸易组织(WTO)和欧洲联盟(EU)在贸易法规方面存在着明显的不同。WTO法与欧盟法关系上最有争议的方面就是欧盟否认WTO法的直接适用。一方面,欧洲法院经常主张GATT/WTO法不能在欧洲法律体系内直接适用,法院在许多案件中贯穿了这一原则。但另一方面,当认识到WTO法在一定程度上能约束其成员国尽快融入欧盟法律体系时,欧洲法院在某些案件的处理上又承认WTO法的直接效力。因此,WTO法、欧盟法和成员国国内法之间的冲突不断增加,如何减少冲突日益成为值得关注的问题。     

Exchange rate policies simulated by means of a disequilibrium model of the Finnish economy

In this paper a model for the Finnish economy with disequilibrium in the goods and financial markets is specified and estimated by single equation methods. The transmission mechanisms of the model are studied in the framework of various devaluation simulations. The model is very sensitive, especially with respect to the prevailing credit market regime and possible regime changes. Policy effects are not so much affected by conditions in the goods market, assuming moderate policy shocks. These considerations suggest the importance in policy planning of identifying the regimes prevailing in the markets.     

Poverty, inequality, and development: A distributional approach

Economists have concentrated on aggregate economic growth to measure countries' development progress and in recent years have also considered income distribution performance. This paper reverses the conventional emphasis by placing income distribution at the forefront. I examine what is known about the distributions of income and poverty in the developing countries of the world and probe the correlations between poverty, inequality, and development. I explore the main sources of inequality and the extent to which individual countries have managed to alleviate poverty and reduce inequality in the course of economic growth. Employing evidence from case studies of six developing nations. I suggest some explanations for differing patterns of development and call for development planning founded on a firm commitment to helping the poor.     

Impact of shift work and department type upon strain and attitudinal measures of hospital nurses

The effects of shift work (fixed versus rotating), type of hospital department (intensive care unit versus non-ICU), and job scope on stress and attitudes have been reported previously. The goal of the present study was to examine the interactive, as well as individual, impact of these variables on measures of perceived work stress, strain, work satisfaction and withdrawal intentions. Respondents in the study were nurses in a large general hospital in Israel. None of the two- or three-way interactions received empirical support. However, significant multivariate main effects for each of the three independent measures were found. The negative influence of rotating work shift compared to fixed work shift was supported. Nurses who thought that their job was more enriching were more satisfied and perceived their workload as being lower. Department type affected only burnout level; nurses in non-ICUs were lower in burnout. Several theoretical and practical possible interpretations and possible implications are presented.     

Whose rights are they anyway?: The supreme court and the rights of Juveniles

This article examines selected United States Supreme Court decisions from 1923 through the 1984 term of the Court. The selection, which includes Wisconsin v. Yoder, In re Gault, In re Winship, and Schall v. Martin, traces and illustrates the triangle of interest among parent, child, and state as parens patriae, when the issue raised is the interest of children. The focal question is: Have children been recognized as having their own individual Constitutional rights, or have their rights been merged with those of their parents and/or the state standing in the place of the parents?     

我国跨世纪人才培养的思考

本文从２１世纪的高度产业化与信息化、标准化与多样化并存和高度国际化的社会特征出发，指出培养跨世纪人才，必须优化高等教育，即高等教育思想、结构、课程、质量的优化；建立开放的、多样化的发展取向；同时需要全社会和国家配套的政策与法规的支持。     

A note on the asymptotic optimality of a two population sequential probability ratio test

It is shown that a two population sequential probability ratio test studied by a number of recent authors in the context of sequential medical trials is asymptotically optimal.     

To be or not to be: Control and balancing of type I and type II errors

The various costs of Type I and Type II errors of inference from data are discussed. Unfortunately, other things equal, Types I and II errors are inversely related. Six methods of minimizing Type I error in studies are presented, each of which may be employed even after data are collected. Type II errors may also be minimized by a combination of study design and analytic means. Although some of these techniques must be built into the study others can be undertaken when beginning work on a data set. Only one of these techniques will increase Type I error, and those involving data reduction may decrease both types of error.