论非理性因素在认识中的作用

非理性因素作为主体认识结构中的一个恒常性要素，对主体的认识活动具有非常重要的作用。情感、意志、需求等非理性因素对认识活动起着选择、调节控制和驱动的作用，直觉、灵感等非理性因素对认识的发展起突破和创造的作用。把握非理性因素在认识中的作用，有助于我们深入理解认识过程的内在机制。     

左思风力之成因初探

西晋诗人左思的诗风在西晋文坛上独树一帜，称之为“左思风力”，前人对此有较多地论述，然而就诗风形成的原因却缺乏深入地探究。本文试图从社会时代背景、家庭因素、性格特征三个方面对此加以分析，旨在能够更好地把握左思其人及其诗风。     

Chemical risk communication through the Internet in Spain

In this work, some corporate websites of the chemical industry of Tarragona (Spain) are studied, analysing how the chemical trade associations and companies present information and/or encourage dialogue with the community on issues relating to the chemical risk and their environmental, health and safety (EHS) performance. The results suggest that the chemical industry in Tarragona uses the corporate websites mainly to disseminate information about its EHS commitments and performance, but they do not encourage dialogue with the community through the Internet.     

A modified random-effect procedure for combining risk difference in sets of 2×2 tables from clinical trials

Summary Meta-analyses of sets of clinical trials often combine risk differences from several 2×2 tables according to a random-effects model. The DerSimonian-Laird random-effects procedure, widely used for estimating the populaton mean risk difference, weights the risk difference from each primary study inversely proportional to an estimate of its variance (the sum of the between-study variance and the conditional within-study variance). Because those weights are not independent of the risk differences, however, the procedure sometimes exhibits bias and unnatural behavior. The present paper proposes a modified weighting scheme that uses the unconditional within-study variance to avoid this source of bias. The modified procedure has variance closer to that available from weighting by ideal weights when such weights are known. We studied the modified procedure in extensive simulation experiments using situations whose parameters resemble those of actual studies in medical research. For comparison we also included two unbiased procedures, the unweighted mean and a sample-size-weighted mean; their relative variability depends on the extent of heterogeneity among the primary studies. An example illustrates the application of the procedures to actual data and the differences among the results. This research was supported by Grant HS 05936 from the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research to Harvard University.     

Statistics for weighing benefits and harms in a proposed genetic substudy of a randomized cancer prevention trial

Summary.  When evaluating potential interventions for cancer prevention, it is necessary to compare benefits and harms. With new study designs, new statistical approaches may be needed to facilitate this comparison. A case in point arose in a proposed genetic substudy of a randomized trial of tamoxifen versus placebo in asymptomatic women who were at high risk for breast cancer. Although the randomized trial showed that tamoxifen substantially reduced the risk of breast cancer, the harms from tamoxifen were serious and some were life threaten-ing. In hopes of finding a subset of women with inherited risk genes who derive greater bene-fits from tamoxifen, we proposed a nested case–control study to test some trial subjects for various genes and new statistical methods to extrapolate benefits and harms to the general population. An important design question is whether or not the study should target common low penetrance genes. Our calculations show that useful results are only likely with rare high penetrance genes.     

确保农民稳定增收要有新视野

当前,提高农民收入必须从深化农村产业结构和各项制度改革、克服制约农民增收的内外部因素及采取各项配套措施等方面着手,使农民稳定增收落到实处。     

加快西部地区农村土地流转的对策

随着农村经济的深入发展 ,农业生产水平的不断提高 ,西部地区农村土地使用权流转呈现出规模不断扩大 ,形式日趋多样 ,速度明显加快的特点。西部地区与东部地区农村土地流转相比 ,则起步晚 ,进展慢 ,规模小 ,问题多。西部地区农村土地流转的障碍因素既有思想认识、政府政策、管理体制的原因 ,又有自然条件、社会发展、经济水平的影响。要加快西部地区的土地流转 ,就必须消除上述障碍因素     

论按劳分配与按生产要素分配的有机结合

在社会主义市场经济条件下坚持按劳分配的主体地位,既是社会主义生产过程本身的客观要求,也是社会主义市场经济健康发展的现实要求。同时,由于多种所有制及多元产权主体的存在,作为市场机制在分配领域发挥作用的具体表现,按生产要素分配在社会主义市场经济条件下也具有必然性。实践中,必须在全面认识二者对立统一关系的基础上,从微观经济领域的运行层次和所有制结构层次以及宏现经济运行层次实现按劳分配与按生产要素分配的有机结合。     

陶渊明的田园诗初探

仕途失意、热爱自然 ,是陶渊明田园诗创作的原因 ,在不同时期的作品中他抒发了自己的躬耕之乐、苦、忧、怨 ,创造出一种平淡之中见醇美的审美效果。独树一帜的田园诗奠定了他在中国诗史上的崇高地位     

县域经济影响因素的数量经济分析

县域经济受多种因素影响,影响程度不同。各因素对县域经济内部不同层次和整个县域经济发展的影响也不一样,差异很大。建立县域经济影响因素数量经济模型并进行多层面实证分析,可以得到县域土地面积与县域经济水平反比等重要结论。