光绪初年俄商偷运砖茶倾销蒙古地区问题考述

光绪初年 ,俄商违反中俄双方协定向蒙古地区偷运砖茶 ,经过总税务司赫德的核查发现 ,偷运砖茶数量巨大、后果严重 ,垄断了蒙古砖茶市场 ,排挤了华商 ,引起各国的不满。天津海关道提出制定《蒙古税则》以杜绝砖茶私售蒙古、恢复华商活力并增加财政收入。总理衙门以与成案不符 ,流弊滋多批驳。恰值曾纪泽赴俄解决崇厚所签条约的善后之行。他在《圣·彼得堡条约》中满足了俄国在蒙古及我国西北边境贸易的全部要求。这个以满足通商要求换回土地的谈判原则 ,对蒙古地区的损害至大 ,使俄国在蒙古的影响逐渐超过中国。辛亥革命以后蒙古闹独立 ,其源头之一就在于此     

分配正义、权利正义与权力的正当性——从司法审查的视角看罗尔斯与诺齐克的正义之争

司法审查的真正目的,并不在于审查公共权力是否应当为了改善经济处境最差者的境遇,而对社会资源进行重新分配,而是审查在实行分配正义的过程中,公共权力与政府行为本身的正当性。通过对权力正当性的司法审查,可以调和经济领域中的自由与平等的关系。我们需要的是一种自由基础上的公平正义观,并致力于在意识形态、制度与公共政策三个向度上,实现自由基础上的公平正义。     

Black Ethnographic Activists: Exploring Robert Park,Scientific Racism,The Chicago School,and FBI Files Through the Black Sociological Experience of Charles S. Johnson and E. Franklin Frazier

Charles S. Johnson and E. Franklin Frazier were successful Black sociologists from the 1920s to 1960s, working in an age of scientific racism and eugenics, who battled racial oppression, racist discrimination, and surveillance under the Federal Bureau of Investigation. Both struggled within and against the assimilationist paradigm, yet their ethnographic and critical insights speak out today with continuing relevance in the fight against practical and institutional racial injustice. This study selectively examines Johnson and Frazier's academic careers as forgotten ethnographer activists who have been largely excluded from the dominant narrative of the Chicago School of Sociology. This article argues Robert Park offered opportunities to these Black scholars although the white university system exclusively directed their work towards race studies. Furthermore, the white discipline of sociology failed to recognize Johnson and Frazier's critical ethnographic studies as part of interactionism.