Black Ethnographic Activists: Exploring Robert Park,Scientific Racism,The Chicago School,and FBI Files Through the Black Sociological Experience of Charles S. Johnson and E. Franklin Frazier

Charles S. Johnson and E. Franklin Frazier were successful Black sociologists from the 1920s to 1960s, working in an age of scientific racism and eugenics, who battled racial oppression, racist discrimination, and surveillance under the Federal Bureau of Investigation. Both struggled within and against the assimilationist paradigm, yet their ethnographic and critical insights speak out today with continuing relevance in the fight against practical and institutional racial injustice. This study selectively examines Johnson and Frazier's academic careers as forgotten ethnographer activists who have been largely excluded from the dominant narrative of the Chicago School of Sociology. This article argues Robert Park offered opportunities to these Black scholars although the white university system exclusively directed their work towards race studies. Furthermore, the white discipline of sociology failed to recognize Johnson and Frazier's critical ethnographic studies as part of interactionism.     

INFORMATION INTERDEPENDENCE: Keohane and Nye's complex interdependence in the information age

A well-known and respected attempt to theorize interdependence in the field of international relations is complex interdependence. In Power and Interdependence , Robert O. Keohane and Joseph S. Nye, Jr define interdependence as reciprocal effects among actors resulting from 'international transactions - flows of money, goods, people and messages across international boundaries'. Though much research has been done on the effects of interdependence on the first three, the flows of messages have been studied less often. Keohane and Nye addressed the issue in a 1998 article in Foreign Affairs , discussing changes in the global environment resulting from the information age which have had an impact on their ideas. This article proposes to go deeper into complex interdependence. The world is becoming increasingly 'information interdependent' and this essay is an attempt to apply the assumptions and concepts presented in complex interdependence to the information age. In the final analysis, complex interdependence complements research from the field of communications, that information flows should be understood as underlying mechanisms and processes that facilitate contextual understanding of issues. It maintains the integrity of the assumptions of complex interdependence, while adding an understanding of the nature of information and information flows.     

战争创伤与后战争创伤——海明威与斯通小说对比研究

随着创伤文学在国内外的兴盛,创伤研究成为了一个新兴的文学理论研究方向。罗伯特.斯通与厄纳斯特.海明威分属两个不同时代的作家,在文学创作时针对不同方面的创伤各有所侧重。本文选取了他们各自比较有代表性的作品进行了深入细致的解理。首先分析各人作品中主人公不同的创伤遭遇,继而进行全面的梳理和对比研究,展示以迷惘为标志的海明威式"战争创伤"到以恐惧为主导的斯通式"后战争创伤"的阶段演进过程。最后从已得出的结论中,一窥两位大家的创伤文学创作与个人的成长经历间千丝万缕的联系,并挖掘出其心理状态和创作意图。     

跨越时空的人生叩问——弗罗斯特《未选择的路》与苏轼《和子由渑池怀旧》比较赏析

作为世界文坛的巨擘,罗伯特．弗罗斯特和苏轼各以其鲜明的风格,为世人留下了脍炙人口的诗篇。《未选择的路》和《和子由渑池怀旧》虽创作于不同的时空,却都表达了作者对人生之路和人生意义的探索和叩问。拟用辜正坤先生从美学角度提出的“五象美”理论,对两首诗进行比较赏析。     

罗伯特·达尔的政治平等理论及其发展前景

罗伯特·达尔认为,人类在能力、优点和机会等各个方面都不可能生来平等,而教育、环境和运气则令最初的不平等更加恶化,然而追求政治平等是人们内在平等价值的要求和公民能力的体现。影响政治平等的因素主要包括政治资源、技能和动机的分配,不可复归的时间限度,政治制度的规模,市场经济的盛行,国际体系的存在以及严重危机的必然性等。达尔认为,完全的政治平等是无法获得的,政治平等的未来存在着不确定性,而朝向理想迈进的努力是可行的。     

从库弗的《保姆》看碎片艺术的内涵与效果

后现代主义作品常常看似毫无形式,像由断裂的碎片构成。碎片艺术的内涵与效果在罗伯特·库弗的后现代主义小说《保姆》中发挥到了极致,碎片艺术给作家想象带来无限空间,否定了现实的确定性,显现了"语言言说",打破了封闭叙述结构,有利于读者的积极参与。     

早期来华传教士的“非传教行为”研究——以第一位来华新教士马礼逊为例

作为伦敦传教会派来的第一位传教士,马礼逊的来华初衷是传播基督福音,与东印度公司和英政府没有任何关系。然而,来华后,他们却承担了诸多世俗工作,进而影响了此后英国对华交涉的大格局：正是依靠马礼逊以及他为广州商馆培养的一批译员,广州商馆才得以顺利处理与中国的冲突,英政府才得以洞悉中国的人情与内政。而英政府所获取的这些信息与人才,又为其挑起鸦片战争提供了较为充分的＂软件＂准备。     

赫德与葡萄牙强占澳门

鸦片战争后,葡萄牙多次无理要求清政府承认其永驻已长期强占的澳门未果。后来在英国人赫德的支持下,强迫清政府签订不平等条约承认葡萄牙永驻澳门。赫德为了完全夺取澳门地区的鸦片税厘,以达到控制清朝统治者使其为英国殖民利益服务的目的,在葡萄牙强占澳门的政治交易中,充当了一个损害中国主权的帮凶角色。     

现代世界起源的非欧洲中心论阐释

罗伯特.B.马克斯在《现代世界的起源》中从全球的、生态的角度对现代世界的起源进行了非欧洲中心论的阐释。在罗伯特看来,1800年以前,世界的经济中心在亚洲,亚洲与欧洲地位的变化发生于19世纪始自英国的工业革命。英国的工业革命纯粹由于便利的煤炭开采和殖民地,而在其他国家,政府起到了核心作用。走上工业化道路的西方国家把先进的技术应用于武器装备,对中国和非洲等地区进行疯狂掠夺,是这些国家工业资本主义得以顺利发展的重要条件。