A Person Without a Past: Robert Michels and Alfred Schutz and the Sociology of the “Stranger”

Robert Michels and Alfred Schutz might not seem to have much in common. Michels was a political sociologist and Schütz was a philosopher of phenomenology, but they shared one crucial thing: they were both strangers in foreign countries. Michels left Germany for Italy and Switzerland because he was not permitted to complete the second degree necessary to teach at the university level while Schutz was compelled to leave Austria for France and the United States because of his Jewish background. Their experiences of trying to adapt in a foreign country prompted them to reflect on what it means to be “the stranger” (“Der Fremde”). Michels wrote “Materialien zu einer Soziologie des Fremden” in 1925 and Schutz published “The Stranger: An Essay in Social Psychology” in 1944. While Schutz’ article has been repeatedly cited, there does not seem to be a study devoted to it. Michels' article remains among his most neglected writings. However, both works offer a theoretical and contextual account of the obstacles the stranger encounters when trying to understand and to acclimate oneself to a new environment. As Schutz noted, the stranger is a person “without a past”, and Michels suggested, is also a person with an uncertain future.     

Contested Rights: The Pedagogy and Logistics of Hosting Constitution Day

Research in global education has turned toward global citizenship education and the fostering of a more critical reading of the tenets of “soft” global education laid out over four decades ago in Hanvey's (1976) “An Attainable Global Perspective.” Interested in skill building and informed application of concepts forwarded within critical approaches to global education, this article brings the NCSS C3 inquiry arc together with standards for Global Competence Education within social studies education. Using food insecurity as an example, the conceptualization provided demonstrates how coupling the C3 with the Global Competence standards creates a framework that social studies educators can use to prepare students to participate as informed, responsible, and critically minded change agents within complex and unequal global systems.     

Teleministries as Family Businesses

Teleministries are establish businesses in the family (non-profit) sector. This paper looks at: the relationship between teleministries before the fall and other family businesses; the fall and consequent crises; changes, the impact of these changes; and the future of teleministries. The discussion revolves around the major televangelists, but the issues have implications for all family businesses.     

Changes in the world income distribution

Drawing on new international comparison estimates for 127 nations, this study examines in some detail for the decinnial years 1950–1980 the world size distribution of income. Different income concepts—national output valued in different ways, and also consumption alone; and income per-equivalent adult as well as per capita—have been considered in judging how world inequality has changed. The principal findings are: (i) at a point in time, the intercountry differences in income—differences among nations—are greater than the usually observed intracountry differences in income—differences within nations; and (ii) over time systematic differences in national economic growth rates of countries led on balance to very slightly increased intercountry inequality (quite possible not beyond the margin of measurement error) but that (and this judgment is quite tentative) the changes in intracountry inequality over time have left inequality in the overall distribution unchanged.     

冲突与共识：《泥泞时节的两个流浪汉》的应用伦理学解读

罗伯特·弗罗斯特诗作《泥泞时节的两个流浪汉》以直面现实的态度忠实记录了发生在大萧条时期的一场富于伦理意味的冲突。传统伦理批评强调对是非善恶做出判断和选择,在面对此类道德悖论时往往陷入两难僵局。应用伦理学倡导直面冲突、依靠商谈程序、寻求道德共识和容错纠错,恰好为这首诗的解读提供了钥匙。     

Input-output technologies and the effects of tariff reductions

Using input-output (IO) tables from several developed countries (United States, EEC, and Japan) and one developing country (Brazil), we calculate the effects of tariff removal using various combinations of these tables to represent technologies for the countries included in the Michigan Computational Model of World Production and Trade. Among the IO tables, Brazil's reflected unusually high shares of value added, low labor shares, and small supply elasticities. Supply elasticities for the developed countries were somewhat lower than for the United States. Using the Michigan model, our calculated effects of tariff reductions are overstated using the U.S. IO table to represent technologies for other developed countries. Further, for developing countries that use import licensing, the model shows considerable sensitivity to IO table specification. It is especially important, therefore, for computational purposes to obtain the most accurate information possible about IO structures of developing countries.     

Still face,moving face

The article examines two sets of photographs of the face: first, a set of images by Suzanne Opton of soldiers returned from tours of duty in Iraq/Afghanistan and second, Robert Lyons’ portraits of Rwandans. In conclusion, it looks briefly at Alfredo Jaar’s The Eyes of Gutete Emerita. It explores what pictures of the face can do. Responses to Opton’s images from passers-by who saw them mounted on huge billboards, as well as the photographer’s account of what she thought she was doing, and Lyon’s motives and reactions to his work are examined. Drawing in part on Ariella Azoulay’s political ontology of photography and Jacques Rancière’s notion of the distribution of the sensible, the article asks what it is that these images of the face do, politically, and whether there might be a way in which the face, or its still image, and the event of photography in which the face is embedded, escapes the dominant regime of signification. The article argues that despite its widespread use in practices of biopolitical control, the face, or in some cases its still image, can prompt or generate action and challenge the dominant regime of signification and visibility.     

论弗罗斯特诗歌中自然意象的特征

作为一位田园诗人,弗罗斯特往往和自然诗联系在一起,自然就成了他诗歌的代言人和媒介.他诗中的自然有时候美丽迷人,有时候面目狰狞,令人骨寒毛竖,有时候它象征着人类在面临选择时的彷徨,有时候人们又会在混乱的自然中找到秩序与宽慰.他的诗往往给人一种读懂了的错觉,有一种"骗人的朴素".因此,不理解弗罗斯特诗歌中的自然意象,我们也就无法理解他诗歌的真正内涵.     

晚清新教来华传教士语境中的Literature概念——以马礼逊的《华英字典》为中心

作为晚清最早一位新教来华传教士,马礼逊使用literature一词的历史经验意义无疑具有开创性甚至奠基性。而马礼逊在使用literature一词时的英国文学或外国文学之指涉,与他使用这一概念之时的中国文学之指涉,到底构成怎样一种对应互文之关系,自然也成为检核其对literature一词理解之关键,同时也可初步判断马礼逊时代中西之间在literature一词基础之上所初步形成的一种对话关系与历史形态。而在马礼逊的《华英字典》以及大量往来书札中所提及的literature一词,无论是在西方文学语境中抑或中国文学语境中,均未见显示出明显倾向于近代的、纯文学的寓意,更多则是指各种各样的文献或文本。