改革开放 40 年来农村集体经济的变迁和未来发展

改革开放 40 年以来,农村集体经济发展的框架体系和发展模式纷繁复杂,城乡关系的变动塑造了集体经济发展的制度环境、资源条件和发展空间。 文章从中国独特的土地制度和集体经济发展重要政策的视角,以城乡关系的四个发展阶段对比,分析集体经济的发展轨迹。 集体经济的发展也经历了四个阶段,并在每一阶段都具有各自的形式与特征。 2012 年至今的新发展阶段,集体经济再发展的制度和政策基础逐步具备,未来发展需要进一步进行制度和组织创新。     

东亚乡村振兴社会政策比较研究断想

作为典型的后发外生型现代化模式,东亚各国在努力追求和实现工业化、城市化的同时,也特别注意城乡社会的均衡发展,先后推出了系统的乡村振兴社会政策。 但在以往的研究中,学界一般都是循着国别路径展开的,多注重研究中日韩等国乡村振兴的相关政策提出及实施,而没有从比较社会政策的视角展开总体性比较研究。 故结合东亚主要国家工业化、城市化变迁进程中乡村振兴的社会政策实践,展开总体性的比较研究,深入挖掘政策出台的历史背景,分析解读政策文本的内涵,并注意政策文本之间的复杂关联,以实现对东亚乡村振兴社会政策的总体性研究提炼,为当下正在展开的中国乡村振兴战略提供有益的借鉴。     

乡村振兴:谁在谈,谈什么?

乡村振兴战略已经形成综合政策、理论和实践的分析思路。 主流政策派以供职于国家政府部门的学者型官员或研究人员为主,其焦点在于如何完善乡村振兴的顶层设计。 主流政策派立足于对乡村振兴战略的内容阐释,对乡村振兴战略产生的历史必然性、乡村振兴战略提出的必要性、乡村振兴战略的实施机制以及规避误区作出论证。 学界理论派重点关注乡村振兴的立论基础和基本模式,乡村振兴具有多种立论基础,而乡村振兴的基本模式则具有保底式发展、内生式发展和依附式发展三种向度。 基层实践派以基层一线工作人员为主,以保障乡村振兴战略的落地实施为发力焦点,其中县级干部扮演乡村振兴“一线总指挥冶和“施工队长冶的角色,乡镇干部则是加速乡村振兴战略落地的践行者,而村干部则构成乡村振兴最基础和最坚实的力量。 然而,在几乎所有的讨论中,作为乡村振兴主体的农民却集体失语,并再次被政府和学者普遍“代言冶。 未来乡村振兴的探讨方向应重点推进乡村振兴顶层设计和基层实践的“上下结合冶,深化乡村振兴战略的基础理论研究,加强乡村振兴的社会动力以及乡村振兴多元实践等方面的理论概括,引导农民积极参与乡村振兴的讨论、规划和行动,从而推动乡村振兴政策、理论和实践的“大循环冶。     

全球替代性食物体系综述

在世界各地,农业食品领域的工业化造成了日益严重的环境、经济和社会问题,如环境污染、 大量碳排放、食品安全危机、小农边缘化和小农生计的难以维系。 为了应对这些问题,多个国家的不同 群体建立了多种多样的替代性食物体系,如社区支持农业、农夫市集、共同购买、社区菜园等。 替代性食 物体系自 2009 年进入中国至今已有十年,获得了较大发展。 然而,国内研究较少关注国际替代性食物 体系产生的背景及理念。 文章从替代食物体系的产生和发展、主要特征、国内外差异以及学术界的批判 等几个方面进行概述,全面介绍相关的关键问题和概念,为推动国内替代性食物体系研究的发展助力。     

实施乡村振兴战略要防止的几种倾向

乡村振兴战略是要服务于中国建设社会主义现代化强国的目标,是要为建设中国社会主义现代化强国提供稳定的农村基础。 在不同阶段,乡村振兴战略的任务是不同的,尤其是 2035 年之前和2035—2050 年的乡村振兴战略应该是差异极大的。 2035—2050 年的目标是全面乡村振兴,2035 年之前则是为乡村全面振兴打基础的阶段。 没有中国现代化的基本实现,就没有全面振兴乡村的物质基础。乡村振兴战略必须分阶段实施。 当前学界、政策部门、地方实践部门在解读乡村振兴战略时普遍误解了乡村振兴战略的实施阶段性特征,有急于求成的倾向。     

农村老年人日常生活家庭照料与社会照料关系研究——基于多层回归模型的分析

文章利用中国健康与养老追踪调查 2011—2012 年的基线调查数据,运用多层回归模型,通过分析社会照料对农村老年人家庭照料获得的影响,探讨家庭照料与社会照料的关系。 回归估计结果显示,个人层次上的年龄、居住状况、失能情况和社区层次上的老龄补贴、经济状况对农村老年人获得家庭照料有不同程度的影响,而代表社会照料的变量在统计上均不显著。 回归估计结果说明,社会照料并不能对缺位的家庭照料起到补充作用,更不会起到替代作用,两者呈现一种非此即彼的“无关系”。 文章的政策启示是,打破家庭照料与社会照料的壁垒,构建一个“流动”的老年照料体系。     

Assessing emotional and social health using photographs: An innovative research method for rural studies and its applicability in a care-farming program for youth

A framework for assessing photographs for the emotional and social health of young people (SHAPE) is described and tested, within the context of a rural program. Two independent raters assessed the photographs of participants. To assess inter-rater reliability, Cohen’ K and Kendall’s W were calculated. The two reviewers’ assessments of photographs were in agreement. The assessment of emotional/behavioural display showed 82% agreement. Agreement between reviewers’ judgements of proxemics (W = .866), interaction (W = .722), engagement (W = .932) and overall impression (W = .804) were all significant (p < .005). The method yielded results indicating that participants found gardening immediately engaging but their approach to equines exhibited a change from fascination to confidence during the program. The visual-diary method is a useful and sensitive method for research: where resources are limited; to complement traditional measures; for use with people who lack appropriate verbal communication or literacy skills to complete questionnaires; young children; other underrepresented groups.     

Educational gradient of health in rural China

The aim of this paper is to examine whether and how rural residents’ educational attainment is associated with their self-rated health in China. Taking advantage of the National Exercise Facility Survey that was collected between December 2015 and March 2016, we find that educational attainment has a significant and positive correlation with self-rated health, net of the effects of age, gender, and geographical region. This correlation is mediated by factors such as perceived importance of exercise and healthy lifestyle. Relatively, people’s cognitive knowledge about health-related information and material resource access fail to play a significant mediating role. The findings highlight the non-material and non-cognitive attributes of educational attainment in shaping the gradient of health in the rural setting of China. Interventions that expand formal education to the mass and optimize teaching contents may offer an effective means to balance the health gradient.     

From industrial restructuring to the financial crisis: Mainstream nationalism and minimum income in the Basque Country

The uneven development of minimum incomes in Spain is one of the factors that explain the significant differences in the poverty indicators that characterize the Spanish regions, generally in favour of the territories most committed to these policies (Basque Country, Navarra and Asturias). However, there are other aspects that deserve some consideration when interpreting the specific method of developing minimum incomes in southern Europe. One aspect has to do with the differing dynamics of countries, such as Spain and Italy, which have opted for a decentralized regional model. In this regard, the regional autonomous initiative of the Basque Country played a decisive role in promoting minimum income programs in the late 1980s. Without its leadership in the launch of the regional minimum income policy, Spanish trade unions would probably not have opted for this method as a mechanism for combating poverty in the 1990s. No Italian region went on to play this driving role at that time. This article analyses the ideological foundations of the Basque minimum income policy introduced in the late 1980s and which grew significantly before and during the crisis that started in 2007-2008. It examines the dominant political narrative on this issue by analysing the discourse of some of the key nationalist leaders involved in the birth and development of the minimum income scheme. The approach shows that the experience of social decline linked to industrial restructuring processes was instrumental in the construction of the nationalist narrative.     

Providing Mental Health Services to Older People Living in Rural Communities

Summary

Rural dwelling elders who experience mental health problems often have difficulty finding help since rural communities often lack adequate mental health service providers. This paper reports on the initial phase of a 5-year, interdisciplinary clinical research study that is testing the effectiveness of providing a home delivered, therapeutic psychosocial intervention, aimed at improving the emotional well-being and the quality of life of medically frail elders who live in rural communities. In the early phases of this study, the clinical research team encountered a number of interesting and often unanticipated challenges as it attempted to recruit study participants and provide services to them. In this article, we examine these challenges and share what we have learned so far about providing mental health services to elderly persons living in rural environments.